Lionel Nathan de Rothschild

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For the 19th Century banker and politician of the same name, see Lionel de Rothschild.

Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (b. January 25, 1882 in London – d. January 28, 1942) was an English banker and politician best remembered as the creator of Exbury Gardens. He was the eldest of the three sons of Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917) and Marie Perugia (1862-1937) and a part of the prominent Rothschild banking family of England.

Lionel Nathan de Rothschild was educated at Harrow School and Cambridge University. On January 25, 1910 he was elected to the House of Commons for the constituency of Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. In 1912 he married Marie Louise Eugénie Beer (1892–1975). They had the following children:

Rosemary Leonora Ruth (b. 1913)
Edmund Leopold (b. 1916)
Naomi Luisa Nina (b. 1920)
Leopold David (b. 1927)

At the outbreak of World War I, Lionel's younger brothers Evelyn and Anthony both joined the British Army. However, as the eldest son he was needed as the heir to take over the family's N M Rothschild & Sons banking house. Much to his frustration, Lionel de Rothschild had no choice but to remain at home with the bank. Both of his brothers were wounded in battle and brother Evelyn died of combat injuries suffered at the 1917 Battle of Mughar Ridge.

His father, Leopold, died in early 1917 and Lionel and brother Anthony became the managing partners of N M Rothschild & Sons bank. However, Lionel de Rothschild had developed an interest in horticulture at a very young age and is said to have planted his first garden at the age of five. In 1919, he purchased the Mitford estate at Exbury where he devoted a great deal of time and money to transform it into one of the finest gardens in all of England with more than one million plants. In the 1920s, he built Exbury House around an existing structure in a neo-Georgian style. He constructed a private railway to transport rocks to build the largest rock garden in the country. As well, Lionel de Rothschild co-sponsored plant-hunting expeditions to places as isolated as the Himalayas to collect seed for plant growth and experimentation. In all, he developed 1,204 new hybrids of rhododendron and azalea that were recognized and sold around the world. Although he continued to work at the family bank, he is quoted as describing himself as "a banker by hobby — a gardener by profession".

Lionel Nathan de Rothschild died in 1942 and was buried in the Willesden Jewish Cemetery. His son Edmund took over management of the Exbury Gardens and would eventually create a charitable trust to manage the property. In 2001, the American Rhododendron Society recognized Lionel Nathan de Rothschild's significant contribution, posthumously bestowing on him a Pioneer Achievement Award.