Li Bai
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- "Li Po" redirects here. For LiPo batteries, see Lithium ion polymer battery.
- This is a Chinese name; the family name is 李 (Li)
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Chinese: | 李白 |
| Pinyin: | Lǐ Bó or Lǐ Bái |
| Wade-Giles: | Li Po or Li Pai |
| Zì 字: | Tàibái 太白 |
| Hào 號: | Qīnglián Jūshì 青蓮居士 |
| aka: | Shīxiān, 詩仙 Poet Immortal |
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Li Bai or Li Po (李白)(701-762) was a Chinese poet who lived during the Tang Dynasty.
His name was traditionally pronounced Li Bo or Li Po (depending on the romanisation), hence the familiar name Li Po by which he has long been known in the West. However, the use of the pronunciation 'bó' (pinyin romanisation), originally associated with the reading of Classical Chinese, has largely disappeared in modern China, partly as a result of language planning and standardisation.
Called the Poet Immortal, Li Bai is often regarded, along with Du Fu, as one of the two greatest poets in China's literary history. Approximately 1,100 of his poems remain today. The Western world was introduced to Li Bai's works through the very liberal translations of Japanese versions of his poems made by Ezra Pound.
Li Bai is best known for the extravagant imagination and striking Taoist imagery in his poetry, as well as for his great love for liquor. Like Du Fu, he spent much of his life travelling, although in his case it was because his wealth allowed him to, rather than because his poverty forced him. He is said to have drowned in the Yangtze River, having fallen from his boat while drunkenly trying to embrace the reflection of the moon.
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[edit] Biography
Li Bai's birthplace is uncertain, but one candidate is Suiye in Central Asia (near modern day Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan). Some have suggested that he might be of Turkish origin. However his family had originally dwelled in what's now southeastern Gansu [1], and later moved to Jiangyou, near modern Chengdu in Sichuan province, when he was five years old. He was influenced by Confucian and Taoist thought, but ultimately his family heritage did not provide him with much opportunity in the aristocratic Tang Dynasty. Though he expressed the wish to become an official, he did not sit for the Chinese civil service examination. Instead, beginning at age twenty-five, he travelled around China, enjoying wine and leading a carefree life -very much contrary to the prevailing ideas of a proper Confucian gentleman. His personality fascinated the aristocrats and common people alike and he was introduced to the Emperor Xuanzong around 742.
He was given a post at the Hanlin Academy, which served to provide a source of scholarly expertise and poetry for the Emperor. Li Bai remained less than two years as a poet in the Emperor's service before he was dismissed for an unknown indiscretion. Thereafter he wandered throughout China for the rest of his life. He met Du Fu in the autumn of 744, and again the following year. These were the only occasions on which they met, but the friendship remained particularly important for the starstruck Du Fu (a dozen of his poems to or about Li Bai survive, compared to only one by Li Bai to Du Fu). At the time of the An Lushan Rebellion he became involved in a subsidiary revolt against the Emperor, although the extent to which this was voluntary is unclear. The failure of the rebellion resulted in his being exiled a second time, to Yelang. He was pardoned before the exile journey was complete.
Li Bai died in Dangtu, or modern day Anhui. Traditionally he was said to have drowned attempting to embrace the moon's reflection in a river; some scholars believe his death was the result of mercury poisoning due to a long history of imbibing Taoist longevity elixirs while others believe that he died of alcohol poisoning.
Simon Elegant novelized Li Po's life in his 1997 work, A Floating Life.
[edit] Poetry
Over a thousand poems are attributed to him, but the authenticity of many of these is uncertain. He is best known for his yue fu poems, which are intense and often fantastic. He is often associated with Taoism: there is a strong element of this in his works, both in the sentiments they express and in their spontaneous tone. Nevertheless, his gufeng ("ancient airs") often adopt the perspective of the Confucian moralist, and many of his occasional verses are fairly conventional.
Much like the genius of Mozart there exist many legends on how effortlessly Li Bai composed his poetry; he was said to be able to compose at an astounding speed, without correction. His favorite form is the jueju (five- or seven-character quatrain), of which he composed some 160 pieces. Li Bai's use of language is not as erudite as Du Fu's but impresses equally through an extravagance of imagination and a direct correlation of his free-spirited persona with the reader. Li Bai's interactions with nature, friendship, and his acute observations of life inform his best poems. Some, like Changgan xing (translated by Ezra Pound as A River Merchant's Wife: A Letter), record the hardships or emotions of common people.
One of Li Bai's most famous poems is Drinking Alone under the Moon (月下獨酌, pinyin Yuè Xià Dú Zhuó), which is a good example of some of the most famous aspects of his poetry -- a very spontaneous poem, full of natural imagery and anthropomorphism:
There are 4 parts to this poem, this is the first segment.
- 花間一壺酒。 Amongst the flowers is a pot of wine;
- 獨酌無相親。 I pour alone but with no friend at hand;
- 舉杯邀明月。 So I lift the cup to invite the shining moon;
- 對影成三人。 Along with my shadow, a fellowship of three.
- 月既不解飲。 The moon understands not the art of drinking;
- 影徒隨我身。 The shadow gingerly follows my movements;
- 暫伴月將影。 Still I make the moon and the shadow my company;
- 行樂須及春。 To enjoy the springtime before too late.
- 我歌月徘徊。 The moon lingers while I am singing;
- 我舞影零亂。 The shadow scatters while I am dancing;
- 醒時同交歡。 We share the cheers of delight when sober;
- 醉後各分散。 We separate our ways after getting drunk;
- 永結無情遊。 Forever will we keep this unfettered friendship;
- 相期邈雲漢。 Till we meet again far in the Milky Way.
[edit] Influence
Li Bai is known in the West partly due to Ezra Pound's versions of some of his poems in Cathay, and due to Gustav Mahler's integration of four of his works in Das Lied von der Erde. These were in a German translation by Hans Bethge, published in an anthology called Die chinesische Flöte (The Chinese Flute), that in turn followed a French translation.
A crater on the planet Mercury has been named after him.
[edit] Footnotes
[edit] References
- A History of World Societies Fourth Edition by McKay Hill Buckler. Copyright Houghton Mifflin 1999. Pg. 328-329.
- Li Po and Tu Fu: Poems Selected and Translated with an Introduction and Notes by Arthur Cooper (translator), 1973
- The Selected Poems of Li Po by David Hinton (translator), 1996.
[edit] External links
- Open Directory Project category
- Selected Poetry by Li Po at Inspired Poetry
- Li Po Poems, illustrated with Nature Photos
- Li Bai's poems included in 300 Selected Tang poems, translated by Witter Bynner.
- Tang Dynasty Poems on the Moon
- Brief description of The Li Bai Memorial, located at his birthplace, Zhongba Town of northern Jiangyou County in Sichuan Province. It is a museum in memory of Li Bai.
