Len Lye
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Len Lye, born Leonard Charles Huia Lye (July 5, 1901 - May 15, 1980), was a New Zealand-born artist known primarily for his experimental films and kinetic sculpture. His films are held in archives such as the New Zealand Film Archive, British Film Institute, Museum of Modern Art, New York, and the Pacific Film Archive. Lye's sculptures are found in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Albright-Knox Art Gallery and the Berkeley Art Museum. However, the bulk of his work returned to New Zealand after his death, where it is housed at the Govett-Brewster Art Gallery in New Plymouth.
As a student Lye became convinced that motion could be part of the language of art, leading him to early (and now lost) experiments with kinetic sculpture, as well as a desire to make film. Lye was also one of the first Pākehā artists to appreciate the art of Māori, Australian Aboriginal, Pacific Island and African cultures, and this had great influence on his work. In the early 1920s Lye travelled widely in the South Pacific. He spent extended periods in Australia and Samoa, where he was expelled by the New Zealand colonial administration for living within an indigenous community.
Working his way as a coal trimmer aboard a steam ship, Lye moved to London in 1926. There he joined the Seven and Five Society, exhibited in the 1936 International Surrealist Exhibition and began to make experimental films. Following his first animated film Tusalava, Lye began to make films in association with the British General Post Office. His 1935 film A Colour Box, an advertisement for "cheaper parcel post", was the first direct film screened to a general audience. It was made by painting vibrant abstract patterns on the film itself, synchronizing them to a popular dance tune by Don Baretto and His Cuban Orchestra. A panel of animation experts convened in 2005 by the Annecy film festival put this film among the top ten most significant works in the history of animation (his later film Free Radicals was also in the top 50).
In Free Radicals he used black film stock and scratched designs into the emulsion. The result was a dancing pattern of flashing lines and marks, as dramatic as lightning in the night sky.
Lye continued to experiment with the possibilities of direct film-making to the end of his life. In various films he used a range of dyes, stencils, air-brushes, felt tip pens, stamps, combs and surgical instruments, to create images and textures on celluloid. In Colour Cry he employed the "photogram" method combined with various stencils and fabrics to create abstract patterns.
As a writer Len Lye produced a body of work exploring his theory of IHN (Individual Happiness Now). He also wrote a large number of letters and poems. He was a friend of Dylan Thomas, and of Laura Riding and Robert Graves (their Seizin Press published No Trouble, a book drawn from Lye's letters to them, his mother, and others, in 1930). The NZEPC (New Zealand Electronic Poetry Centre) website contains a selection of Lye's writings, which are just as surprising and experimental as his work in other media.
Lye was also an important kinetic sculptor. He saw film and kinetic sculpture as aspects of the same "art of motion", which he theorised in a highly original way in his essays (collected in the book "Figures of Motion"). Many of Lye's kinetic works can be found at the Govett-Brewster Gallery in New Plymouth, Taranaki including a 45-metre high Wind Wand near the sea.
Lye was a maverick, never fitting any of the usual art historical labels. Although he did not become famous in orthodox terms, his work was familiar to many film-makers and kinetic sculptors - he was something of an "artist's artist", and his innovations have had an international influence. He is also remembered for his colourful personality, amazing clothes, and highly unorthodox lecturing style (he taught at New York University for three years).
Art historian and friend of Lye, Roger Horrocks wrote a biography titled Len Lye in 2001. There are also two very interesting documentaries about Lye - Flip and Two Twisters and Doodlin' . And the Centre Pompidou published Len Lye, a book of essays by an international range of art critics (edited by Jean-Michel Bouhours and Roger Horrocks) in 2000.
[edit] Filmography
- Particles in Space (1979)
- Free Radicals (1958, revised 1979)
- Tal Farlow (completed posthumously, 1980)
- Rhythm (1957)
- Colour Cry (1952)
- Kill or Be Killed (1942)
- When the Pie Was Opened (1941)
- Musical Poster Number One (1940)
- Swinging the Lambeth Walk (1940)
- North or Northwest (1938)
- Colour Flight (1937)
- Full Fathom Five (1937)
- Trade Tattoo (1937)
- Birth of a Robot (1936)
- Rainbow Dance (1936)
- A Colour Box (1935)
- Kaleidoscope (1935)
- Tusalava (1929)
[edit] Books
- Len Lye: Figures of Motion. Selected Writings, edited by Wystan Curnow and Roger Horrocks, Oxford University Press/Auckland University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-647996-7
- Len Lye, edited by Jean Michel Bouhours, Edition Centre Pompidou: Paris, 2000. ISBN 2-84426-034-9
- Roger Horrocks: Len Lye: A Biography, Auckland Univ Press: Auckland, 2002. ISBN 1-86940-247-2
- Len Lye: Happy Moments Text and Images By Len Lye, edited by Roger Horrocks, The Holloway Press: Auckland, 2002. ISBN 0-9582313-3-8
