Law of averages
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The law of averages is a lay term used to express the view that eventually, everything "evens out." For example: Two very similar people who drive similar cars in similar circumstances over a long period of time will have roughly the same number of accidents. The more children one has, the more likely one has an equal division of boys and girls. The longer one flips a coin, the more likely the number of heads and tails will equalize.
Thus every outcome in a fair game exhibits identical probabilities equal to the underlying probability of the game. In order to understand this it is important to realize that no outcome in a fair game is at any point, in any way whatsoever affected by any other past or future outcome within the game.
The formal mathematical result that supports the law of averages is called the law of large numbers. It states that a large sample of a particular probabilistic event will tend to reflect the underlying probabilities. For example, after tossing a "fair coin" 1000 times, we would expect the result to be approximately 500 heads results, because this would reflect the underlying 0.5 chance of a heads result for any given flip.
Note, however, that while the average will move closer to the underlying probability, in absolute terms deviation from the expected value will increase. For example, after 1000 coin flips, we might see 520 heads. After 10,000 flips, we might then see 5096 heads. The average has now moved closer to the underlying .5, from .52 to .5096. However, the absolute deviation from the expected number of heads has gone up from 20 to 96.
There are common ways to misunderstand and misapply the law of large numbers:
- "If I flip this coin 1000 times, I will get 500 heads results." False. While we expect approximately 500 heads, it is not the case that we will always get exactly 500 heads results. If the coin is fair the chance of getting exactly 500 heads is about 2.52%. Similarly, getting 520 heads results is not conclusive proof that the coin's true probability of getting heads on a single flip is .52
- "I just got 5 tails in a row. My chances of getting heads must be very good now" is an example of a false perception. It was unlikely at the beginning that one would get six tails in a row, but the probability of six tails was the same as five tails followed by a head: 1/64. Looking forward after the fifth toss, these probabilities are still equal. The only difference is that there are no other possibilities, so the probability of either outcome is 1/2. This error can be devastating for amateur gamblers. The thought that "I have to win soon now, because I've been losing and it has to even out" can encourage a gambler to continue to bet more. This is known as the Gambler's Fallacy.
There are situations in which a very small imbalance in probabilities can lead to a large imbalance in outcomes, contrary to the usual notion of the law of averages. The gambler's ruin is one such scenario.
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[edit] Graphical representation
The following graphical representation illustrates one possibility for a game of heads or tails. Notice how the gamblers fallacy is erratic and essentially unpredictable whereas the average will always tend towards the underlying probability of 0.5 in this case.
[edit] Over 100 random samples
[edit] Over 1000 random samples
