| First PP |
Second PP |
Third PP |
Fourth PP |
Meaning |
Derivation |
| abluō |
abluere |
abluī |
ablūtus |
"to wash away" |
From ab- + luere (see luō); see lavō for derivatives. |
| accēdō |
accēdere |
accessī |
accessum |
"to come up to, approach" |
From ad- + cēdō. |
| accendō |
accendere |
accendī |
accēnsus |
"to set fire to" |
From ad- + candō. |
| accidit |
accidere |
accidit |
— |
"it happens" |
From ad- + cadō. |
| accipiō |
accipere |
accēpī |
acceptum |
"to accept, receive" |
From ad- + capiō |
| adiūtō |
adiūtāre |
adiutāvī |
adiutātum |
"to help" |
From ad- + iutō, from iutum, the passive perfect participle of iuvāre (see iuvō); derivatives adjutant, [[aid]. |
| adveniō |
advenīre |
advēnī |
adventum |
"to arrive" |
From ad- + veniō. |
| aedificō |
aedificāre |
aedificāvī |
aedificātum |
"to build, erect buildings" |
From aedis ("building", originally "hearth, fireplace") + facere (see faciō); derivatives edification, edifice, edify. |
| agō |
agere |
ēgī |
actum |
"to do, act, drive, conduct, lead, weigh, manage" cf. Gr. ἄγω |
Derivatives act, active, actor, actual, actualism, actuary, actuate, agenda, agent, agile, agitation, allege, ambage, ambiguous, assay, cache, coagulation, cogent, essay, exact, exacta, examination, exigent, exiguous, fumigation, fustigate, intransigent, levigate, litigate, navigate, objurgate, prodigal, redaction, retroactive, squat, transaction, variegation.[2] |
| ambulō |
ambulāre |
ambulāvī |
ambulatum |
"to walk" |
Derivatives alley, alley oop, ambulance, ambulate, andante, funambulist, perambulator, preamble.[3] |
| amō |
amāre |
amāvī |
amatum |
"to love" |
Derivatives amore, amour, paramour. |
| aperiō |
aperīre |
aperuī |
apertum |
"to open, uncover" |
Derivatives aperient, apéritif, aperture, overt, overture, pert.[4] |
| appellō |
appellāre |
appellāvī |
appellatum |
"to call (by name), entreat, speak to, accost" |
From ad- + pellō. Derivative appellation. |
| arceō |
arcēre |
arcuī |
— |
"to enclose, keep out/off, prevent, stop" |
No direct derivatives; see exerceō. |
| ardeō |
ardēre |
arsī |
arsum |
"to burn, be on fire" |
From aridus ("dry, parched"), from arēre. |
| areō |
arēre |
— |
— |
"to be dry" |
Derivatives ardent, ardor, arid, arson. |
| ascendō |
ascendere |
ascendī |
ascensum |
"to climb" |
From ad- + scandere. Derivatives ascend, ascendant. |
| audio |
audīre |
audīvī |
audītum |
"to hear" |
Derivatives audible, audience, audile, audio, audit, audition, auditor, auditorium, auditory, oyez, obey, subaudition. [5] |
| augeō |
augēre |
auxī |
auctus |
"to increase, augment" |
auction, augend, augment, author, authorize.[6] |
| First PP |
Second PP |
Third PP |
Fourth PP |
Meaning |
Derivation |
| cadō |
cadere |
cecidī |
cāsum |
"to fall, kill, die, be killed, happen, fail, belong" |
cadaver, cadence, cadent, caducous, cascade, case, casual, casualty, casuist, chance, chute accident, decay, deciduous, escheat, incident, occasion, occident, recidivism [8] |
| caedō |
caedere |
cecīdī |
caesus |
"to cut, kill, hack (at), strike" |
abscise, caesura, cement, cestus, chisel, –cide as in suicide, circumcise, concise, decide, excise, incise, precise, recision, scissors [9] |
| candeō |
candēre |
canduī |
|
"to shine, glitter, be shining white, be white-hot" |
candelabrum, candelilla, candent, candescence, candid, candida, candidate, candle, candor, incandescence [10] |
| canō |
canere |
cecinī |
cantum |
"to sing" |
accent, canorous, cant, cantabile, cantata, canticle, cantillation, canto, cantor, canzone, chant, chanteuse, chantey, chanticleer, chantry, descant, enchant, incantation, incentive, precentor, recant, shanty [11] |
| capiō |
capere |
cēpi |
captum |
"to take, capture" |
cable, cacciatore, caitiff, capable, capacious, capacity, capias, capstan, caption, captious, captivate, captive, captor, capture, catch, cater, chase, cop, copper accept, anticipate, catchpole, conceive, conception, deceive, except, inception, inceptive, incipient, intercept, intussusception, municipal, nuncupative, occupant, occupy, participation, perceive, precept, receive, recipe, recover, recuperation, susceptible [12] |
| caveō |
cavēre |
cāvī |
cautum |
"to guard against, beware of, watch out" |
caution, caveat, cave canem |
| cēdo |
cēdere |
cessi |
cessus |
"to go, move, concede, withdraw, yield, leave" |
abscess, accede, access, accessible, ancestor, antecedent, cease, cede, cession, concede, decease, exceed, expulsion,incessant, intercede, precedent, predecessor, procession, recession, retrocede, secession, succession [13] |
| cēnō |
cēnāre |
cēnī |
cēnātum |
"to dine" |
From cēna "meal". Derivative cenacle [14] |
| cieō |
ciēre |
cīvī |
citus |
"to set in motion, rouse, bring about, make" |
cite, excite, incite, oscitancy, resuscitate, solicitous [15] |
| circumveniō |
circumvenīre |
circumvēnī |
circumventum |
"to surround, go around" |
From circum + venīre. |
| clāmō |
clāmāre |
clāmāvī |
clāmātum |
"shout, call, cry out" |
acclaim, claim, clamant, clamor, declaim, exclaim, proclaim, reclaim [16] |
| claudō |
claudere |
clause |
clausum |
"to shut, close" |
clause, claustrophobic, cloister, close, close, exclude, include, preclude, recluse, seclude, seclusion |
| cognoscō |
cognoscere |
cognōvī |
cognitum |
"to know(both in knowledge and in acknowledgement)" |
acquaint, cognition, cognizance, connoisseur, incognito, notice, notify, notion, notorious, quaint, recognize, reconnaissance, reconnoiter [17] |
| colligō |
colligere |
collēgī |
collectum |
|
From con- + legō. |
| colō |
colere |
coluī |
cultum |
"to cultivate, till, inhabit, worship" |
colony, cult, cultivate, culture, Kultur, incult, inquiline, nidicolous, silvicolous [18] |
| compellō |
compellāre |
compellāvī |
compellatum |
"to drive (together), compel, force" |
From con- + pellō. |
| condō |
condere |
condidī |
conditus |
"to found, establish, put" |
abscond, incondite, recondite, sconce [19] |
| cōnficiō |
cōnficere |
cōnfēcī |
cōnfectum |
"finish" |
From con- + faciō. |
| cōnfidō |
confīdere |
|
confīsus sum |
"to trust" |
From con- + fīdō. |
| coniciō |
conicere |
coniēcī |
coniectus |
"to hurl" |
From con- + iaciō. |
| conspiciō |
conspicere |
conspexī |
conspectum |
"to catch sight of" |
From con- + speciō. |
| cōnstituō |
cōnstituere |
cōnstituī |
cōnstitūtum |
"to set up, erect, settle (on)" |
From con- + statuō. |
| contendō |
contendere |
contendī |
contentum |
"stretch, aim, strain, exert" |
From con- + tendō. |
| conveniō |
convenīre |
convēnī |
conventum |
" to (go to) meet, interview, walk, march, agree" |
From con- + veniō. |
| convoco |
convocāre |
convocāvī |
convocātum |
"to convoke" |
From con- + vocō. |
| crēdo |
crēděre |
crēdidī |
creditum |
"to lend, loan, believe, trust, accept as true" |
credence, credible, credit, credo, credulous, grant, incredible, miscreant, recreant [20] |
| crēsco |
crēscere |
crēvī |
crētus |
"to grow (up), increase, arise, come into being" |
accrue, concrescence, concrete, crescendo, crescent, crew, decrease, excrescence, increase, recruit [21] |
| cupio |
cupěre |
cupīvī or cupiī |
cupītum |
"to wish, be eager for, long for, desire" |
covet, covetous, cupescence, Cupid, cupidity |
| cūrō |
cūrāre |
cūrāvī |
cūrātum |
"to take care of, look after" |
curative, cure, procure, secure, security |
| currō |
currere |
cucurrī |
cursum |
"to run (hard, over), traverse, pass, skim over" |
concourse, concur, corral, corrida, corrido, corridor, corsair, courante, courier, course, current, cursive, cursor, curule, decurrent, discourse, excursion, hussar, incur, intercourse, kraal, occur, percurrent, precursor, recourse, recur, succor [22]
|
| custōdiō |
custōdīre |
custōdīvī |
custōdītum |
"to guard, protect, watch (over), hold in custody" |
From cust-ōs, -ōdis "guard." custodian, custodial, custody [23] |
| First PP |
Second PP |
Third PP |
Fourth PP |
Meaning |
Derivation |
| dēbēo |
dēbēre |
dēbuī |
dēbitum |
"to have to, owe, be responsible for, be obliged to" ALSO "I ought to, I must" |
debenture, debit, debt, devoir, due, duty, endeavor [24] |
| dēdō |
dēdere |
dēdidī |
dēditum |
"to give up, surrender" |
(no direct English derivatives) From de- + dō. |
| dēfendō |
dēfendēre |
defendī |
dēfensum |
"to defend, protect" |
From de- + fendere (attested only in prefixed compound verbs; see offendo). defend, defense, fence, fend |
| dēpōnō |
dēpōnere |
dēposuī |
dēpositum |
"to put down/aside, get rid of, deposit” |
From de- + pōnō. |
| despērō |
despērāre |
despērāvī |
despērātum |
"to despair, give up hope" |
From de- + spērō. |
| dīcō |
dīcere |
dīxī |
dictum |
"to speak, say, mean" |
addict, benediction, condition, contradict, dictate, diction, dictum, ditto, ditty, edict, fatidic, herb bennet, indict, indiction, indite, interdict, juridical, jurisdiction, maledict, malison, predict, valediction, verdict, veridical, voir dire [25] |
| dictō |
dictāre |
dictāvī |
dictātum |
"to say (again), reiterate, suggest, remind" |
Frequentative verb formed from passive perfect participle of dīcō. |
| dīmittō |
dīmittěre |
dīmttīvī |
dīmissus |
"to send away, let go, dismiss" |
From di- + mittō. |
| discēdō |
discēdere |
discessī |
discessum |
"to go away, depart leave" |
From dis- + cēdō (no direct English derivatives, but see cēdō). |
| discō |
discěre |
didǐcī |
|
"to learn, get to know, be told" |
disciple, discipline [26] |
| dō |
dare |
dědī |
datus |
"to give, offer, dedicate, pay out" |
add, betray, dado, date, dative, data, datum, die, edition, perdition, render, rendition, rent, surrender, tradition, traitor, treason, vend [27] |
| doceō |
docere |
docuī |
doctum |
"to teach, i.e. to cause to accept" |
docent, docile, doctor, doctrine, document [28] |
| dormiō |
dormīre |
dormīvī |
dormītum |
"to sleep" |
dorm, dormancy, dormant, dormer, dormitory, dormouse |
| dūcō |
dūcere |
dūxī |
ductum |
"to lead, bring" |
abducens, abduct, adduce, aqueduct, circumduction, con, condottiere, conduce, conduct, deduce, deduct, doge, douche, ducal, ducat,duce, duchess, duchy, duct, ductile, duke, educe, endue, induce, introduce, produce, redoubt, reduce, seduction, subduction, subdue, traduce, transducer [29] |
| First PP |
Second PP |
Third PP |
Fourth PP |
Meaning |
Derivation |
| edō |
ēsse OR edere |
ēdī |
ēsus |
"to eat" |
edacious, edible, escarole, esculent, esurient; comedo, comestible, obese [30] |
| efficiō |
efficere |
effēcī |
effectum |
|
From ex- + facere (see faciō). |
| emō |
emere |
ēmī |
ēmptum |
"to buy, pay (for), take, gain, obtain, bribe" |
ademption, example, exemplary, exemplify, exemplum, exempt, impromptu, peremptory, preemption, premium, prompt, pronto, ransom, redeem, redemption, sample, vintage [31] |
| eō |
īre |
īī |
itum |
"to go" |
adit, ambient, ambition, circuit, coitus, comitia, exit, introit, issue, obituary, perish, praetor, preterit, preterite, sedition, subito, sudden, trance, transient, transit, transitive [32] |
| errō |
errāre |
errāvī |
errātum |
"to wander, err" |
aberration, err, erratic, erratum, erroneous, error |
| ēvādō |
ēvādere |
ēvāsī |
ēvāsum |
"to escape" |
From ex- + vādō. |
| ēvigilō |
ēvigilāre |
ēvigilāvī |
ēvigilātum |
"to be awake, to watch/work/etc. through the night" |
(no direct derivatives) BUT from ex- + vigilō. |
| excitō |
excitāre |
excitāvī |
excitātum |
"to awaken, excite" |
From ex- + citare (citus, frequentative from passive perfect participle of cieō) |
| exeō |
exīre |
exīī |
exitum |
"to go out" |
From ex- + eō. |
| exerceō |
exercēre |
exercuī |
exercitus |
"to train, execrcise" |
From ex- + arceō. exercise |
| exspectō |
exspectāre |
exspectāvī |
exspectātum |
"to wait (for), expect" |
From ex- + the passive perfect participle of speciō. |
| First PP |
Second PP |
Third PP |
Fourth PP |
Meaning |
Derivation |
| faciō |
facere |
fēcī |
factum |
"to make, do, fashion, create, frame, build" |
affair, affect, affection, amplify, artifact, artificial, beatification, benefactive, benefic, benefice, beneficence, benefit, chafe, comfit, confectionery, confetti, counterfeit, defeasance, defeatism, defect, deficient, discomfit, effect, efficacy, efficient, -facient, facsimile, fact, faction, factitious, factitive, factor, factotum, faena, fashion (verb), feat, feature, feckless, fetish, -fic, -fy, forfeit, hacienda, infect, justify, malefactor, malfeasance, manufacture, misfeasance, modifier, mollifiers, nidify, notification, nullifiers, officinal, orifice, perfect, petrify, pluperfect, pontifex, prefect, proficient, profit, putrefy, qualify, quantify, rarefy, rectify, refect, refectory, rubefacient, sacrifice, satisfy, spinifex, suffice, sufficient, surfeit, tubifex, tumefacient, vivify [33] |
| faveō |
favēre |
fāvī |
fautum |
"to favor, support" |
favor, favorite |
| ferō |
ferre |
tulī |
lātum |
"to carry, bear" |
From principal parts 1 & 2: afferent, circumference, confer, defer, differ, efferent, –fer (as in aquifer), fertile, infer, offer, prefer, proffer, refer, suffer, transfer, vociferous[34]
From principal part 4: ablation, ablative, allative, collate, dilatory, elate, elative, illation, illative, legislator, oblate, prelate, prolate, relate, sublate, superlative, translate [35] |
| festīnō |
festīnāre |
festīnāvī |
festīnātum |
"to hurry, bustle, speed (up)" |
festinate, festination |
| fīdō |
fīděre |
|
fīsus sum |
"to trust, confide (in)" |
affiance, affiant, affidavit, confidant, confide, confident, defiance, defy, diffident, fiancé, fiducial, fiduciary, perfidy [36] |
| fiō |
fīerī |
|
factus sum |
"to become" |
fiat [37] |
| fleō |
flēre |
flēvī |
flētum |
"to weep" |
feeble |
| frangō |
frangere |
frēgī |
frāctum |
"to break" |
anfractuous, chamfer, defray, diffraction, fractal, fracted, fraction, fractious, fracture, fragile, fragment, frail, frangible, infract, infrangible, infringe, irrefrangible, ossifrage, refract, refrain, refringent, sassafras, saxifrage, septifragal [38] |
| fugiō |
fugere |
fūgī |
fūgitum |
"to flee" |
centrifuge, feverfew, fugitive, refugee, tempus fugit |
| First PP |
Second PP |
Third PP |
Fourth PP |
Meaning |
Derivation |
| iaceō |
iacere |
iacuī |
iacitum |
"to lie (down), be situated, i.e. to be thrown" |
From iaciō. |
| iaciō |
iacěre |
iēcī |
iactus |
"to throw, cast" |
abject, adjacent, adjective, amice, circumjacent, conjecture, deject, ejaculate, eject, gist, gite, inject, interject, jactitation, jess, jet, jeté, jetsam, jettison, jetty, joist, jut, object, parget, project, reject, subjacent, subject, superjacent, traject [40] |
| imperō |
imperāre |
imperāvī |
imperātum |
"to give orders, demand, (be in) command" |
From in- + parō. |
| incendō |
incendere |
incendī |
incensus |
"to light (up), set on fire, burn, make bright, inflame, excite, enrage" |
From candō or just from the same root incendiary, incense, incense, frankincense [41] |
| induō |
induere |
indui |
indūtum |
"to don (something), put on (clothes)" |
endue, indue, indument [42] |
| ineō |
inīre |
iniī |
initum |
"to start, begin, enter" |
From in- + eō or simply from the same base and thought of as a compound in Latin. commence, initial, initiate |
| īnsum |
inesse |
īnfuī |
infutūrus |
|
(no direct English derivatives) From in- + sum. |
| intellegō |
intellegere |
intellēxī |
intellēctum |
"to gather, understand" |
From inter- + lěgo. |
| intersum |
interesse |
interfuī |
interfutūrus |
"to be in, among" |
From inter- + sum. |
| intrō |
intrāre |
intrāvī |
intrātum |
|
From intra- + -are (verbal suffix). enter, entrance |
| inveniō |
invenīre |
invēnī |
inventum |
"to find, come upon, discover, invent" |
From in- + veniō |
| invideō |
invidēre |
invīdī |
invīsuum |
"to envy, begrudge, be jealous" |
From in- + videō. |
| iubeō |
iubere |
iussī |
iussum |
"to order, decree, designate, appoint" |
jussive |
| iuvō |
iuvāre |
iuvāvī |
iuvātum |
"to help, give an advantage (to), benefit" |
(no direct derivatives, but see adiuvō) |
Most words with a 'j' that are descended from Latin were originally written in Classical Latin with an 'i' and appear there in this list to avoid redundancy (ex. jaceō and iaceō are the same verb). The letter 'k' was very rare in Latin and only occasionally used in words of Ancient Greek origin in place of kappa [citation needed] or in foreign and personal names. The 'hard k' sound in Latin is represented by 'c' which was never a 'soft c' (as in Modern English 'century').
