Latin liturgical rites

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Latin liturgical rites used within that area of the Roman Catholic Church where the Latin language once dominated (the Latin Rite or Western Catholic Church) were for many centuries no less numerous than the liturgical rites of the Eastern autonomous particular Churches. Their number is now much reduced. In the aftermath of the Council of Trent, in 1568 and 1570 Pope Pius V suppressed the Breviaries and Missals that could not be shown to have an antiquity of at least two centuries (see Tridentine Mass and Roman Missal). Many local rites that remained legitimate even after this decree were abandoned voluntarily, especially in the nineteenth century. And most religious orders that still had kept a rite of their own chose in the second half of the twentieth century to adopt the reformed Roman Rite as revised in accordance with the decrees of the Second Vatican Council (see Mass of Paul VI). A few such liturgical rites persist today for the celebration of Mass, since 1965-1970 in revised forms, but the distinct liturgical rites for celebrating the other sacraments have been almost completely abandoned.

Contents

[edit] Liturgical rites currently in use within the Latin-Rite Catholic Church

[edit] Roman Rite

The Roman Rite is by far the most widely used. Like other liturgical rites, it developed over time, with newer forms replacing the older. It underwent many changes in the first millennium and a half of its existence (see Pre-Tridentine Mass). The forms that Pope Pius V, as requested by the Council of Trent, established in the 1560s and 1570s underwent repeated minor variations in the centuries immediately following. Each new typical edition (the edition to which other printings are to conform) of the Roman Missal (see Tridentine Mass) and of the other liturgical books superseded the previous one. The twentieth century saw more profound changes. Pope Pius X radically rearranged the Psalter of the Breviary and altered the rubrics of the Mass. Later Popes continued to make such changes, beginning with Pope Pius XII, who revised the Holy Week ceremonies and certain other aspects of the Roman Missal in 1955. The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) was followed by a general revision of the rites of all the Roman Rite sacraments, including the Eucharist (see Mass of Paul VI). As before, each new typical edition of an official liturgical book supersedes the previous one. Thus, the 1970 Roman Missal, which superseded the 1962 edition, was superseded by the edition of 1975. The 2002 edition in turn supersedes the 1975 edition both in Latin and, as official translations into each language appear, also in the vernacular languages.

The Tridentine Mass form of the Roman Rite is still in limited use, usually as revised by Pope John XXIII (1962), or by Pope Benedict XV (1920), with or without the Holy Week changes by Pope Pius XII (1955).

[edit] Zaire Use

The Zaire Use is an inculturated variation of the Roman Rite used to a very limited extent in some African countries since the late 1970s.

[edit] Anglican Use

The Anglican Use is a use of the Roman Rite of Mass, keeping close to it in the Liturgy of the Eucharist, especially the Eucharistic Prayer, but with somewhat greater differences in the Liturgy of the Word and the Penitential Rite. It uses a translation from the Latin often different from the ICEL translation, and based on or inspired by the Book of Common Prayer. It is used, in accordance with the Pastoral Provision in their favour, by people of Anglican background in the United States who have become Roman Catholic.

[edit] Western Rites of "Gallican" type

[edit] Ambrosian Rite

The Ambrosian Rite is celebrated in most of the Archdiocese of Milan, Italy and in parts of some neighbouring dioceses in Italy and Switzerland. The language used is now usually Italian, rather than Latin. With some variant texts and minor difference in the order of readings, it is similar in form to the Roman Rite.

[edit] Rite of Braga

The Rite of Braga is used, but since 18 November 1971 only on an optional basis, in the Archdiocese of Braga in northern Portugal.[1]

[edit] Mozarabic Rite

The Mozarabic Rite, once prevalent throughout Spain, is now celebrated mostly in limited locations, among them the cathedral of Toledo. It is more properly called the Visigothic Rite.[citation needed]

[edit] Carthusian Rite

The Carthusian rite is in use in a version revised in 1981.[2] Apart from the new elements in this revision, it is substantially the rite of Grenoble in the twelfth century, with some admixture from other sources.[3] It is now the only extant rite of a religious order; but by virtue of the Ecclesia Dei indult some individuals or small groups are authorized to use some now defunct rites.

[edit] Defunct Catholic Western liturgical rites

[edit] African Rite

The African Rite was used, before the 8th century Arab conquest, in Latin-speaking North Africa, in particular the Roman province of Africa, corresponding to modern-day Tunisia, of which Carthage was the capital. It was very close to the Roman Rite, so much so that Western liturgical traditions have been classified as belonging to two streams, the North African-Rome tradition, and the Gallican (in the broad sense) tradition encompassing the rest of the Western Roman Empire, including northern Italy.[4]

[edit] Celtic Rite

The ancient Celtic Rite was a composite of non-Roman ritual structures (possibly Antiochian) and texts not exempt from Roman influence that was similar to the Mozarabic Rite in many respects and would have been used at least in parts of Ireland and Northern Britain (including Scotland) and perhaps even Wales, Cornwall and Somerset, before being authoritatively replaced by the Roman Rite in the early Middle Ages. "Celtic" is possibly a misnomer and it may owe its origins to Augustine's re-evangelisation of the British Isles in the sixth century. Little is known of it, though several texts and liturgies survive. Some Christians (typically groups not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, including some Western Orthodox in communion with Eastern Orthodox Churches, e.g. Celtic Orthodoxy), have attempted to breathe life into a reconstruction of the Celtic Rite the historical accuracy of which is debated. Historical evidence of this rite is found in the remnants of the Stowe (Lorrha) Missal.

[edit] Gallican Rite

The Gallican Rite is a retrospective term applied to the sum of the local variants, on similar lines to that designated elsewhere as the Celtic Rite (above) and the Mozarabic Rite, which faded from use in France by the end of the first millennium. It should not be confused with the so-called Neo-Gallican liturgical books published in various French dioceses after the Council of Trent, which had little or nothing to do with it.

[edit] Defunct local Latin Rites or Uses

Several local rites (more properly, uses or variants of the Roman Rite) of limited scope existed, but are now defunct.

    • The Sarum Rite (more properly Sarum Use), a defunct variant on the Roman Rite originating in the Salisbury diocese, which had come to be widely practiced in England and Scotland around the 1530s, while the Protestant Reformation swept across continental Europe; practiced alongside limited other variants such as the York Use, Lincoln Use, Bangor Use, and Hereford Use.

The Lyonese Rite of the diocese of Lyon, France a defunct local variant of the Roman Rite with Gallican elements. Until 1969 this rite was used by the Carthusian Order in all Carthusan charterhouses.

    • The Nidaros Use, long defunct, based mainly on imported English liturgical books, used in pre-Reformation Norway.[1]
    • The Uppsala Use, suppressed during the Reformation, formerly the dominant variant of the Roman Rite used in northern Sweden.
    • The Aquileia Rite, a defunct rite based in the former town in northern Italy.
    • The Benevento Rite, a defunct Latin rite originated in this city in Italy.
    • The Durham Rite (defunct: Durham, England)

[edit] Rites of religious orders

Some religious orders celebrated Mass according to rites of their own dating from more than 200 years before the papal bull Quo primum. They were generally based on local variants of the Roman or Gallican Rites and have mostly been abandoned after the liturgical reforms following the Second Vatican Council.

Religious orders of more recent origin have never had special rites. Although older than 1370, the Franciscan order, including its Capuchin branch (which arose only in 1520), is in the same position, since, from the beginning, it chose to celebrate Mass in accordance with usage at the papal court. Each of its three branches has a special edition of the Roman Missal containing special feasts not included in the General Roman Calendar. Since all religious orders and dioceses have such variations, which do not touch the Ordinary of the Mass, Franciscans cannot be considered to have had, in the true sense, a distinct rite: otherwise Latin liturgical rites would have to be reckoned as numbering thousands. Capuchins used to add a mention of Saint Francis of Assisi and, generically, all the saints of their order at three points of the Mass, but so slight a difference is not considered sufficient to constitute a separate rite. Franciscans also had customs such as wearing sandals when saying Mass, and had privileges such as freedom from certain regulations that once limited other priests with regard to the time of Mass and the use of incense. This did not make Franciscans unique, since other religious orders too, such as the Jesuits, had their own customs and privileges.

The following previously existing rites are now defunct:

[edit] References

  1. ^ Braga - Capital de Distrito
  2. ^ The text of the Carthusian Missal and the Order's other liturgical books is available at Carthusian Monks and Carthusian nuns
  3. ^ The Carthusian Order in Catholic Encyclopedia. The text of the former Ordo Missae of the Carthusian Missal is available at this site.
  4. ^ Early Western Liturgics

[edit] See also

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