Larrys Creek

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Larrys Creek
Larrys Creek and the Larrys Creek (or Buckhorn) Covered Bridge in Cogan House Township, PA
Larrys Creek and the Larrys Creek (or Buckhorn) Covered Bridge in Cogan House Township, PA
Origin Cogan House Township
Mouth West Branch Susquehanna River Piatt Township
Basin countries Lycoming County Pennsylvania, United States
Length 22.9 miles (36.8 km)
Source elevation 1740 feet (530 m)
Mouth elevation 515 feet (157 m)
Avg. discharge Cogan House: 10.8 ft³/s (0.306 m³/s)
Mouth: 66.0 ft³/s (1.87 m³/s)
Basin area 89.1 square miles (230.8 km²)

Larrys Creek is a 22.9 mile (36.8 km) long tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. A part of the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin, the Larrys Creek watershed drains 89.1 square miles (230.8 km²) in six townships and a borough. The creek flows south from the dissected Allegheny Plateau to the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians through sandstone, limestone, and shale from the Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian periods.

The first recorded inhabitants were the Susquehannocks, followed by the Lenape and other tribes. The Great Shamokin Path crossed the creek near its mouth, where Larry Burt, the first settler, (for whom Larrys Creek is named) also lived by 1769. In the 19th century, the creek and its watershed were a center of the lumber and other industries, including 53 sawmills, grist mills, leather tanneries, coal and iron mines. No other stream in the country had so many sawmills in so small a territory. For transportation, a plank road ran along much of the creek for decades, and two "paper railroads" were planned, but never built.

As of 2006, the Larrys Creek watershed is 83.1% forest and 15.7% agricultural (in marked contrast to the 19th century's clear-cut land). Nearly 9000 acres (36 km²) of second-growth forest are protected public and private land for hunting and trout fishing, with more land protected in parts of Tiadaghton State Forest. The polluting industries of the 19th century are gone and Larrys Creek "has an exceptionally scenic, ultra-highwater, whitewater run" for canoeing.[1] Despite agricultural runoff and small amounts of acid mine drainage, water quality is quite good, and a water filtration plant on Larrys Creek supplies over 2500 customers.

Contents

[edit] Name

Larrys Creek is named for Larry Burt, the first settler in the area, who lived near the mouth of the creek near what is now the hamlet of Larrys Creek in Piatt Township. He traded with the indigenous peoples and according to tradition had a Native American wife. Larry Burt was already there when surveyors came through in 1769 (after the land was purchased in the first Treaty of Fort Stanwix), but disappeared sometime soon after, perhaps moving west with the Native Americans who left the area.[2]

Larrys Creek is the only major creek in Lycoming County for which a Native American name is unknown.[3] As of 2006, it is the only stream named "Larrys Creek" on USGS maps of the United States and in the USGS Geographic Names Information System.[4] The possessive apostrophe is not part of the official name of the creek, although records from the 19th century often spell it as "Larry's Creek" (as do some highway bridge signs today).

Today "Larrys Creek" has given its name to the hamlet at its mouth, as well as the village of "Larryville" further upstream. Before it became a borough, Salladasburg was also known as "Larrys Creek" (from the name of its post office). The "First Fork" and "Second Fork" of Larrys Creek are named in the order in which they are encountered traveling upstream, with "Fork" here denoting a major tributary. "Lawshe Run", the major tributary of the Second Fork, is named for Robert Lawshe, who established a tannery in Salladasburg in 1848.[2] "Seeley Run", a minor tributary entering the creek at Larryville, is named for Mr. Seely, who built the first sawmill on Larrys Creek in 1796.[5] While the USGS uses "Seeley Run", it is still "Seely Run Road" that follows the stream.[6]

[edit] Course

Map of Larrys Creek Watershed
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Map of Larrys Creek Watershed

Larrys Creek is the only major watershed in Lycoming County entirely within the county. As the crow flies, Lycoming County is 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Philadelphia and 165 miles (265 km) east-northeast of Pittsburgh. The source of Larrys Creek is in northern Lycoming County in Cogan House Township, just south of the hamlet of Steam Valley.[4][7] It flows west-southwest through the village of Cogan House, and then under the Larrys Creek Covered Bridge. The bridge is also known as the "Buckhorn Covered Bridge" (for a nearby mountain) or the "Cogan House Covered Bridge" (for the village and township). A petition from the citizens of Cogan House Township for a bridge to be built was filed on September 4, 1876.[8] The 90 foot (27 m) long Burr arch truss bridge was built in 1877, rehabilitated in 1998,[9] and is on the National Register of Historic Places.[10]

The creek next heads due south through Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 114. There it runs for about 3 miles (about 5 km) without a road beside it. It passes through Mifflin Township for a short distance and heads southeast into Anthony Township, where it leaves the State Game Lands and passes a water filtration plant (there is a 6 foot (2 m) dam here).[1] Further south, it receives Roaring Run (on the left bank). Roaring Run receives the only acid mine drainage in the watershed and enters Larrys Creek 10.4 miles (16.7 km) from the mouth.

Larrys Creek then heads southwest back into Mifflin Township, where it passes through the borough of Salladasburg, with Pennsylvania Route 973 running parallel to the creek from the township line to the borough. At Salladasburg, Larrys Creek receives its major tributary, the Second Fork of Larrys Creek, on the right bank 5.8 miles (9.3 km) from the mouth.

The Second Fork has its source in extreme southern Pine Township and runs south through Cogan House Township and the village of Brookside, then a few miles through Cummings Township, and last through Mifflin Township and Salladasburg. Lawshe Run is its major tributary. Pennsylvania Route 287 runs parallel to the Second Fork its whole length, and continues parallel to Larrys Creek from Salladasburg south to its terminus on U.S. Route 220 (near the creek's mouth).

Just south of Salladasburg, Larrys Creek receives the First Fork of Larrys Creek, 4.2 miles (6.8 km) from the mouth. The First Fork has its source in Cummings Township and flows south-southeast into Mifflin Township. 2.8 miles (4.5 km) from its mouth Larrys Creek receives Canoe Run. Both these tributaries enter on the right bank.

Relief map of the Larrys Creek Watershed in the dissected Allegheny Plateau
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Relief map of the Larrys Creek Watershed in the dissected Allegheny Plateau

Larrys Creek then enters Piatt Township, flowing east around a ridge and through the village of Larryville where it receives Seeley Run on the left bank, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the mouth. It next flows back southwest, then south to the hamlet of Larrys Creek, where it has its confluence with the West Branch Susquehanna River, 2.6 miles (4.2 km) east of the borough of Jersey Shore.[4][11] U.S. Route 220 and the Lycoming Valley Railroad cross the creek on separate bridges just north of its mouth.[6] The direct distance between the source and mouth is only 16.9 miles (27.1 km).[12] It is 53.0 miles (85.3 km) from the mouth of Larrys Creek along the West Branch Susquehanna River to its confluence with the Susquehanna River at Northumberland, Pennsylvania.[13]

The elevation at the source of Larrys Creek is 1740 feet (530 m), while the mouth is at an elevation of 515 feet (157 m). The difference in elevation (1225 feet or 373 m) divided by the length of the creek (22.9 miles or 36.8 km) gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of creek or relief ratio of 53.5 feet/mile (10.1 m/km). The meander ratio is 1.08, so the creek is fairly straight in its bed.[14]

[edit] Geology

Larrys Creek is in a sandstone, limestone, and shale mountain region, with the source in the dissected Allegheny Plateau and the mouth in the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians.[14] The southern part of the Larrys Creek watershed has sedimentary rocks from the Devonian period, with a large area from the Mississippian period in the north of the watershed and a small Pennsylvanian period region within this area.[15] The Larrys Creek watershed has two deposits of low volatile bituminous coal along Roaring Run[16] and a small, deep natural gas field.[17] The iron ore found south of Salladasburg and along Canoe Run was mined in the 19th century.[2] Larrys Creek is in a narrow valley formed by mountains and hills, with steep to moderate slopes. The channel pattern is regular, with a dendritic drainage pattern.[14]

From 1960 to 1979, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) operated one stream gauge on Larrys Creek at the village of Cogan Station, for the uppermost 6.8 square miles (17.6 km²) of the watershed. The mean discharge measured at this site from 1961 to 1978 was 10.8 cubic feet per second (0.306 m³/s), with a peak discharge of 1,130 cubic feet per second (32.0 m³/s) and peak gauge height of 5.29 feet (1.61 m), both on June 22, 1972 during Hurricane Agnes.[18] The USGS also estimated mean monthly and annual groundwater recharge at the Cogan House stream gauge. Using data from 1961 to 1977, the upper and lower annual recharge estimates were 18.1 to 14.5 inches (46.0 to 36.8 cm), and the greatest monthly recharge was in March, with 20.1% of the annual total.[19]

The USGS also measured discharge at the village of Larrys Creek, very near the creek's mouth, as part of water quality measurements on seven occasions between 1970 and 1975. The average discharge was 66.0 cubic feet per second (1.87 m³/s), and ranged from a high of 114 cubic feet per second (3.23 m³/s) to a low of 8.8 cubic feet per second (0.25 m³/s).[20] Lycoming County operates a stream gauge at Salladasburg as part of the county-wide flood warning system. It only measures the water height (not discharge) and had a peak gauge height of 8.0 feet (2.4 m), on September 18, 2004 during Hurricane Ivan.[21]

[edit] Watershed

Map of the West Branch Susquehanna River (dark blue) and Major Streams in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Larrys Creek (orange) is the second major creek entering the river in the county, between the Pine Creek (red) and Lycoming Creek (yellow) watersheds.
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Map of the West Branch Susquehanna River (dark blue) and Major Streams in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Larrys Creek (orange) is the second major creek entering the river in the county, between the Pine Creek (red) and Lycoming Creek (yellow) watersheds.

The Larrys Creek watershed is entirely in Lycoming County and accounts for 7.17% of the county by area. It is the only major creek whose watershed is entirely in the county, and lies between the Pine Creek watershed (including Little Pine Creek) 5.2 miles (8.3 km) to the west and the Lycoming Creek watershed 11.9 miles (19.1 km) to the east (as measured on the river).[13]

The Larrys Creek watershed has a total population of 2,513 (as of 2000) and a total area of 89.1 square miles (230.8 km²). Of that area, 74 square miles (192 km²) are forested and 14 square miles (37 km²) are given to agricultural uses.[22] Larrys Creek is the largest creek in Lycoming County without its own watershed association.[23]

Tributaries: The major smaller streams in the Larrys Creek watershed include the First and Second Forks of Larrys Creek, Roaring Run, Lawshe Run, and Canoe Run. The Second Fork of Larrys Creek is the largest tributary, with a watershed of 24.9 square miles (64.5 km²) or 28.0% of the total watershed. The First Fork is next largest, with a watershed of 17.6 square miles (45.6 km²) or 19.8% of the total. Roaring Run accounts for 5.7% of the total watershed (5.1 square miles or 13.2 km²) and other tributaries are less than 5% of the total.[13]

Starting at the mouth, the tributaries of Larrys Creek are: unnamed (in Geiler Hollow), Seeley Run (or Seely Run), Canoe Run, First Fork, Second Fork, unnamed, Marsh Run, Roaring Run, Long Run, Wendell Run, Crayton Hollow Run, unnamed, Wolf Run, Dibber Hollow Run, unnamed, Birch Run, and unnamed.

[edit] Water quality and pollution

The clear-cutting of forests in the 19th century adversely affected the ecology of the Larrys Creek watershed and its water quality.[24] Polluting industries on the creek and its tributaries then included coal and iron mines and tanneries (which are long since gone).[2][25] As of 2006, water quality in Larrys Creek is quite good, although two small unnamed tributaries of Roaring Run do receive acid mine drainage from an abandoned coal mine.[26] Agricultural runoff is another source of pollution. Effluent limits for Larrys Creek in Mifflin Township for the 5-day test for carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD5) are 25 mg/L, while fecal coliform bacteria count limits are 200 per 100 mL in May through September, and 2000 per 100 mL in October through April.[27]

The mean annual precipitation for Larrys Creek is 40 to 42 inches (1016 to 1067 mm).[14] Pennsylvania receives the most acid rain of any state in the United States. Because Larrys Creek is in a sandstone, limestone, and shale mountain region, it has a relatively low capacity to neutralize added acid. This makes it especially vulnerable to increased acidification from acid rain, which poses a threat to the long term threat to the health of the plants and animals in the creek.[28]

[edit] Water filtration plant

The Jersey Shore Area Joint Water Authority’s water filtration plant is on Larrys Creek, near the border between Mifflin and Anthony Townships. The plant has been there since at least 1914 and provides water from the creek to 2,500 industrial and residential customers in the boroughs of Jersey Shore and Salladasburg, as well as Anthony, Mifflin, Nippenose, Piatt, and Porter Townships in southwestern Lycoming County, and Pine Creek Township in the southeastern part of neighboring Clinton County, Pennsylvania.[29]

[edit] Recreation

Larrys Creek in Salladasburg is state approved for trout fishing in season.
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Larrys Creek in Salladasburg is state approved for trout fishing in season.

Camps: There are at least two camps along Larrys Creek. "Camp Kiwanis" has a main lodge, four cabins, picnic pavilion, and various recreational facilities on 50 acres (0.20 km²) on Route 287, 1 mile (0.6 km) south of Salladasburg.[30] It is operated as a service by the Williamsport Kiwanis and rented out for fire department training, Girl Scouts, weddings, church, and other groups. Further south along the creek is the "New Tribes Institute", a camp for preparing Christian missionaries for field work with indigenous peoples in remote parts of the world. The training at the camp lasts one year.[31]

Canoeing: Edward Gertler writes Larrys Creek "has an exceptionally scenic, ultra-highwater, whitewater run that is really worthy of your attention".[1] Canoeing and kayaking on Larrys Creek are possible when the water is high enough (in Spring and after hard rain), with 8.0 miles (12.9 km) of Class 3 whitewater from Township Road 786 south through the State Game Lands to Route 973, and 7.4 miles (11.9 km) of Class 1 to 2 whitewater south from PA 973 to U.S. 220.[32]

Hunting and trout fishing: In addition to the 2881 acres (11.66 km²) in State Game Lands No. 114,[33] opportunities for hunting and fishing are available in the areas of Tiadaghton State Forest in the western part of the watershed, along the First and Second Forks of Larrys Creek. A stretch of Larrys Creek from the water company filtration plant (near the border between Mifflin and Anthony Townships) to 1.0 mile (1.6 km) downstream of the confluence with the First Fork has been designated as approved trout waters by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. This means the waters will be stocked with trout and may be fished during trout season.[34]

As well as these public opportunities, there are private hunting and fishing clubs and cabins along Larrys Creek and its tributaries. The largest is the "Larrys Creek Fish and Game Club", incorporated August 1, 1906, which owns over 6,000 acres (24.3 km²) along Route 287 on the Second Fork of Larrys Creek. As of 2006, the club has 55 active and 15 honorary members (all male). The club promotes conservation and stocks its 7 miles (11 km) of trout stream with three to four thousand brook and brown trout each year. It has a lodge that can sleep all its members, with two live-in caretakers.[35] The club's other facilities include a trapshooting range and a helipad, to aid in medical evacuations from its remote location.[36]

[edit] History

[edit] Early inhabitants

The first recorded inhabitants of the Susquehanna River valley were the Iroquoian speaking Susquehannocks. Their name meant "people of the muddy river" in Algonquin. Decimated by diseases and warfare, they had died out, moved away, or been assimilated into other tribes by the early 18th century. The lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were then chiefly occupied by the Munsee phratry of the Lenape (or Delaware), and were under the nominal control of the Five (later Six) Nations of the Iroquois. The Great Shamokin Path crossed the creek at a ford near its mouth; however, no trails of the indigenous peoples are recorded as having followed Larrys Creek north.[37]

The British purchased land from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1768, opening what is now Lycoming County to settlement. However, the Line of Property (or Purchase Line) border defined by "Tiadaghton Creek" dividing colonial and Native American lands was disputed. The colonists claimed this was Pine Creek, the Iroquois and other tribes Lycoming Creek. Larrys Creek was in the disputed territory between these, so the illegal settlers there were part of the "Fair Play Men" system of self-government, with their own Declaration of Independence from Britain on July 4, 1776.

In the American Revolutionary War, settlements throughout the Susquehanna valley were attacked by Loyalists and Native Americans allied with the British. After the Wyoming Valley battle and massacre in the summer of 1778 (near what is now Wilkes-Barre) and smaller local attacks, the "Big Runaway" occurred throughout the West Branch Susquehanna valley. Settlers fled feared and actual attacks by the British and their allies. Homes and fields were abandoned, with livestock driven along and a few possessions floated on rafts on the river east to Muncy, then further south to Sunbury. The abandoned property was burnt by the attackers. Some settlers soon returned, only to flee again in the summer of 1779 in the "Little Runaway". Sullivan's Expedition helped stabilize the area and encouraged resettlement, which continued after the war.[38]

On April 13, 1795, Lycoming County was formed from Northumberland County, prompting further growth. In 1800, the "State Road" was the second major road built in the county and followed part of Larrys Creek in Cogan House Township as it ran from Newberry (the western part of Williamsport today) north to the Pennsylvania-New York state line near Painted Post, New York. Larrys Creek had a bridge near the mouth by 1806, the first of the major creeks in the county for which a bridge is mentioned.[2]

[edit] Lumber

Larrys Creek in Cogan House Township, heading south into State Game Lands. Most such land was acquired by the state after being clear cut.
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Larrys Creek in Cogan House Township, heading south into State Game Lands. Most such land was acquired by the state after being clear cut.

Like all creeks in Lycoming County, Larrys Creek served as an area for settlers to establish homesteads and farms. As timber and lumber became a major industry in the mid-19th century, Larrys Creek was a source of power for sawmills and other mills. The first sawmill on the creek in what is now Mifflin Township was built in 1799. The relatively low flow of water in the creek did not allow rafts of logs to be floated downstream to the river and the lumber boom at Williamsport (as they were on Pine Creek to the west).[2]

This and the lack of logging railroads along the creek lead to the development of many small sawmills: the Larrys Creek watershed once had 53 sawmills within 22 miles (35 km) of the mouth (as well as other industries of the time). No other stream in the country had so many sawmills in so small a territory. Twelve sawmills were on the Second Fork, six on the First Fork, one each on Canoe Run and Lawshe Run, and the rest were on Larrys Creek itself. Eight were structures rebuilt on the site of previous sawmills, and only four were steam powered (the rest were water powered). The earliest of these sawmills was built in 1796 (near Seeley Run), the last in 1902 (on Lawshe Run), and by 1903 just two mills were still standing and only one of those was operating.[5]

Lumbering removed the tree trunks, but left many flammable limbs, branches, and stumps behind. On May 2, 1872 a large forest fire destroyed the villages of Carter and Gould, 6 miles (10 km) north of Salladasburg on Larrys Creek in Mifflin Township. There are large tracts of second growth forest and small lumber companies still operate in the watershed today.

[edit] Paper railroads

Two "paper railroads" were proposed for Larrys Creek: the "Larry's Creek Railroad and Coal Company", incorporated June 24, 1839 to hold 2000 acres (0.81 km²) and operate up to seven miles (11 km) of railroad from the mouth of the creek north to the coal mines; and the "Jersey Shore, Pine Creek & State Line Railroad", incorporated on April 11, 1853 to run north from Jersey Shore up Pine Creek to Tioga or Long Run, and thence to the New York state line. Its charter was amended April 4, 1854 to run up Marsh Creek (then known as the Third Fork Pine Creek) and Crooked Creek to the Tioga Railroad, and again on March 26, 1856 to run up Little Pine Creek (then known as First Fork Pine Creek) to the Larrys Creek Plank Road and then up Blockhouse Creek to Blossburg. It was still corporately alive in 1865, but the charter of the "Jersey Shore, Pine Creek and Buffalo Railway" in 1870 (New York City-Reading interests) superseded it. Neither railroad was actually ever built.[39] The only railroad in the watershed crosses the creek just north of the mouth.

[edit] Plank road

Diagram of a plank road or puncheon.
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Diagram of a plank road or puncheon.

In 1851 a plank road or puncheon was built along Larrys Creek from the village of Larrys Creek at the creek's mouth north to Salladasburg, then later along the Second Fork of Larrys Creek and on to the village of Brookside in Cogan House Township. It was later extended north to the village of White Pine and finally to the village of English Center in Pine Township. (This route is basically the location of Route 287 today). A spur of the plank road along Larrys Creek into Anthony Township was also built, but it is not known how far it extended.[40] (Landis claims it may have run nearly as far north as the covered bridge in Cogan House Township).[8]

The plank road was a toll road run by "The Larrys Creek Plank Road Company", a corporation founded May 8, 1850. It served the sawmills, grist mills, mines, and leather tanneries along the creek. There was a connection to the railroad and the West Branch Division of the Pennsylvania Canal at the hamlet of Larrys Creek, as well as the West Branch Susquehanna River.

At that time, hemlock tree bark was used in tanning leather, but the wood was not used much for lumber, so hundreds of thousands of stripped hemlock logs were left to rot. The timber industry in Lycoming County also meant that there were sawmills and experienced lumber workers available. The hemlock logs were a source of cheap lumber to build the plank road.

The earth under the plank road was first graded, then ties (similar to those used for railroad tracks) were set into the ground. Next long narrow stringers (similar to rails on a railroad track) were nailed to the ties, with a distance between stringers of about 6 feet (1.8 m). The road surface consisted of planks about 8 feet (2.4 m) wide nailed to the stringers and was fairly smooth. The road had turnoffs (as it was not wide enough for horse drawn vehicles to pass each other). Toll houses were at regular intervals, with variable tolls for pedestrians, riders on horseback and various carts and wagons. No toll schedule has survived.

The plank road was operational for about 38 years when a major flood on June 1, 1889 washed out much of it. The Larrys Creek covered bridge still standing in Cogan House Township was one of the few bridges to survive this flood (fallen trees upstream formed a dam which helped protect it).[8] It is one of only three 19th century covered bridges remaining in the county today (the others are in Jackson Township over Blockhouse Creek and Moreland Township over Little Muncy Creek).[9] The flood also destroyed the West Branch Division of the Pennsylvania Canal at the creek's mouth. The same storm system caused the Johnstown Flood, which killed over 2200 people.[2]

Today the name is all that remains of the Larrys Creek Plank Road.
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Today the name is all that remains of the Larrys Creek Plank Road.

By 1889 most of the original forests in the county had been clear cut, so no cheap source of wood was available as before. While the road from Salladasburg south to the West Branch Susquehanna River was repaired and rebuilt, the rest was not. In 1900 the county courts recognized a petition to end tolls on this last portion of the road. The corporation was dissolved and the road and its maintenance passed to the county. As sections of plank road wore out they were replaced by graded dirt and gravel, so that it soon became a regular road. The plank road operated as a toll road for about 49 years.[40] Today only the "Plank Road" name survives, in a 0.6 mile (1 km) section of road that runs north from U.S. Route 220, parallel to State Route 287.[6]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c Gertler, Edward [1985]. Keystone Canoeing: A Guide to Canoeable Waters of Eastern Pennsylvania, 1st Edition, Silver Spring, Maryland: Seneca Press, 401 pages. ISBN 0-9605908-2-X.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Meginness, John Franklin [1892]. “Chapter XLV. Mifflin, Porter, Watson, and Piatt [Townships.]”, History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania: including its aboriginal history; the colonial and revolutionary periods; early settlement and subsequent growth; organization and civil administration; the legal and medical professions; internal improvement; past and present history of Williamsport; manufacturing and lumber interests; religious, educational, and social development; geology and agriculture; military record; sketches of boroughs, townships, and villages; portraits and biographies of pioneers and representative citizens, etc. etc.", 1st Edition, Chicago, IL: Brown, Runk & Co.. ISBN 0-7884-0428-8. Retrieved on 2006-03-16. “(Note: ISBN refers to Heritage Books July 1996 reprint. URL is to scan of 1892 version with some OCR typos).”
  3. ^ Native American Waterbody and Place Names (PDF). Susquehanna River Basin Commission. Retrieved on 2006-08-23.
  4. ^ a b c Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey (August 2, 1979). Geographic Names Information System Feature Detail Report: Larrys Creek. Retrieved on 2006-07-26.
  5. ^ a b "Lumbering on Historic Stream: A Newberry man tells of mills on Larry's Creek: Within a distance of twenty-two miles there were fifty-three mills - The names of the owners and builders - No other stream in the country had so many mills in so small a territory - Only two of them are now standing", Gazette and Bulletin (Williamsport, Pennsylvania), May 29, 1903, p. 5. Retrieved on 2006-08-23.
  6. ^ a b c Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research, Geographic Information Division. "2005 General Highway Map of Lycoming County (Note: shows Larrys Creek and almost all streams feeding it)". Retrieved on 2006-03-17.
  7. ^ USGS. "United States Geological Survey Topographic Map, White Pine Quad", www.topozone.com. Retrieved on 2006-03-17.
  8. ^ a b c Landis, Milton W. (October 1966). "The Larrys Creek Covered Bridge in Cogan House Township". Now and Then (The Journal of the Muncy, Pennsylvania Historical Society) XV (5): 258.
  9. ^ a b Kane, Trish. Pennsylvania - Lycoming County Covered Bridges. Retrieved on 2006-07-05.
  10. ^ National Register of Historic Places - PENNSYLVANIA (PA), Lycoming County. Retrieved on 2006-09-19.
  11. ^ USGS. "United States Geological Survey Topographic Map, Linden Quad", www.topozone.com. Retrieved on 2006-03-17.
  12. ^ Michels, Chris (1997). Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculation. Retrieved on 2006-03-17.
  13. ^ a b c Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Watershed Management, Division of Water Use Planning (2001). Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams (PDF), Prepared in Cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey. Retrieved on 2006-03-28.
  14. ^ a b c d Shaw, Lewis C. [June, 1984]. Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams Part II (Water Resources Bulletin No. 16), Prepared in Cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey, 1st Edition, Harrisburg, PA: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources (no ISBN).
  15. ^ Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. Geologic Map of Pennsylvania (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-07-24.
  16. ^ Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. Distribution of Pennsylvania Coals (PDF). Map. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.
  17. ^ Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. Oil and Gas Fields of Pennsylvania (PDF). Map. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.
  18. ^ United States Geological Survey. USGS 01549780 Larrys Creek at Cogan House, PA. Charts, Graphs, Map. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
  19. ^ United States Geological Survey. Water Resources of Pennsylvania: Estimates of Mean-Monthly & Annual Ground-Water Recharge, Larrys Creek at Cogan House: 01549780. Charts, Graphs, Maps. Retrieved on 2006-07-26.
  20. ^ United States Geological Survey. Water Quality Samples for the Nation, USGS 01549790 Larrys Creek at Larrys Creek, PA. Charts, Graphs. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
  21. ^ County of Lycoming, Pennsylvania. County Stream Gauge Details, Watershed: Larrys Creek, Gage Site: Salladasburg, Stream Gage 5053. Real Time Graph, Chart. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
  22. ^ Chesapeake Bay Program: Watershed Profiles: The Larrys Creek - At Larrys Creek Watershed. Chesapeake Bay Program Office, 10 Severn Avenue, Suite 109, Annapolis, MD 21403. Retrieved on 2006-03-17.
  23. ^ Susquehanna River Basin Watershed and Lake Associations as of March 2005. Map. and List of Watershed and Lake Associations as of March 2005 (PDF). Key to Map. Susquehanna River Basin Commission. Retrieved on 2006-10-04. Note: The Lawshe Run Watershed Association listed here is not for the Second Fork of Larrys Creek tributary, but for the small stream in Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania (see the Jersey Shore Historic District description).
  24. ^ Natural Resources Defense Council. What Is Clearcutting?. Retrieved on 2006-11-08.
  25. ^ For a historical perpsective on pollution from both mining and tanneries, see: Laures, Robert. A MEDIEVAL RESPONSE TO MUNICIPAL POLLUTION. Presented to the Mid-America Conference on History, 17-19 September 1992, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.. Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
  26. ^ Lycoming County Planning Commission, (prepared by Science Applications International Corp.) (Sept. 2001). Water Supply Plan (PDF), 19. Retrieved on 2006-03-17.
  27. ^ PA Bulletin, Doc. No. 97-1857: NOTICES: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: APPLICATIONS RECEIVED UNDER THE PENNSYLVANIA CLEAN STREAMS LAW AND THE FEDERAL CLEAN WATER ACT: DISCHARGE OF CONTROLLED INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND SEWERAGE WASTEWATER. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved on 2006-08-23.
  28. ^ Acid Precipitation. Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. Retrieved on 2006-09-11.
  29. ^ "Peterson Announces $434,000 Federal Grant For Water Project In Lycoming County", County of Lycoming, Pennsylvania, 2004-10-21. Retrieved on 2006-03-17.
  30. ^ Homepage of Beautiful Camp Kiwanis, Salladasburg, PA. Retrieved on 2006-08-06.
  31. ^ Ostling, Richard N.. "More than 40 days in the wilderness (article on New Tribes Mission Camp)", The Washington Times / Associated Press, August 29, 2004. Retrieved on 2006-07-12. (in English)
  32. ^ American Whitewater: Larrys Creek, PA. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.
  33. ^ HuntingPA.com Game Lands: Pennsylvania State Game Lands, their general location and acreage (Searchable Database). Retrieved on 2006-07-12.
  34. ^ Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. "Map of Lycoming County Fishing and Boating Opportunities". Retrieved on 2006-03-17.
  35. ^ Long, Eric. "Ahead of their time... Larrys Creek Fish and Game Club celebrates 100 years", Williamsport Sun Gazette, 2006-08-06, p. F-4.
  36. ^ McClane, Lauren. "Fish and Game club builds helipad", Williamsport Sun Gazette, 2006-07-24, p. A-1. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.
  37. ^ Wallace, Paul A.W. (1987). Indian Paths of Pennsylvania, Fourth Printing, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, pp. 66-72. ISBN 0-89271-090-X. “(Note: ISBN refers to 1998 impression.)”
  38. ^ [1939] A Picture of Lycoming County (PDF), The Lycoming County Unit of the Pennsylvania Writers Project of the Work Projects Administration, First edition, The Commissioners of Lycoming County Pennsylvania. Retrieved on 2006-07-23.
  39. ^ Taber, Thomas T., III (1987). Railroads of Pennsylvania Encyclopedia and Atlas. Thomas T. Taber III. ISBN 0-9603398-5-X.
  40. ^ a b Landis, Milton W. (1967). "The Larrys Creek Plank Road". The Journal of the Lycoming County Historical Society Volume IV, (Number 1, Summer).

[edit] External links

[edit] Maps and aerial photos

Mouth or other endpoint (West Branch Susquehanna River)

Source (Cogan House Township)


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