Kwong
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kwong 鄺 is a Chinese family name originated in northern China, and is the surname of over 5 million individuals today, dispersed mostly in the southern part of China and in the ethnic Chinese communities in Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Philippines, United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Fiji, Thailand, Cuba, and Burma.
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[edit] Derivation
The first mention of the surname Kwong in historical documents was in the Surname Center 姓苑 (Shengyüan), dated 420 AD. Kwong is one of the few Chinese last names whose character bears no other meaning or use in the Chinese language.
Persons bearing the Kwong surname trace their origins from four accounts in genealogical documents:
- Old Kwong Kingdom (古鄺國 Ku-K'uang-kuo). According to Chinese historic text Lushih 《路史》, it was recorded that "the Kwong surname traces from the Old Kwong kingdom. In ancient times, there existed Old Kwong Kingdom and later came inhabitants that utilized their state name as their own, designating their surname as Kwong."
- The Lei (雷) and Fong (方) surnames. According to the ancestral book of the Kwong family, the ancestors of the Kwong line traces their ancestry to Shennung (神農), a legendary emperor and culture hero of Chinese mythology who is believed to have lived some 5,000 years ago and who taught the ancients the practices of agriculture. Shennung became the head of his clan and later named the ancestor of his descendants. An eighth generation descendant in Shennong's line, King Sun Yü-wang (孫帝榆罔) moved the clan residence to the county of Leije (雷澤) and thus, the family changed their surname to the name of the county, Lei (雷). From Lei-je, King Sun served as the right hand to the Yellow Emperor, Huangti (黃帝), assisting the ancient Chinese emperor in conquering the Chi-you (蚩尤), a barbarian tribe invading the Yellow River plains. For his contributions to the empire, King Sun was awarded the fiefdom at Mount Fong, now located within 25 kilometers northwest of Yu County in Henan Province (河南省禹縣西北). Later, his descendants renamed their surname to reflect the name of their fiefdom, Mount Fong, creating a new surname, Fong. In the fourth year of Emperor Hsiaotsung's (孝宗) reign in the Southern Sung dynasty (南宋), 1168 AD, the 148th generation of the Fong family, Fong Chun's (方諄, style name Yü-ping 愈平) eldest daughter, Fong Shu-li (方淑麗) was named the royal concubine, and thus Fong Zhun was named Marquis of Hsünch'en (宣城侯). Also, by the power of an imperial order, Fong Chun was awarded an imperial surname, Kwong. However, even though Fong Chun was originally named the ancestor of the Kwong family, being the first in the line to bear the name, Kwong, Fong Chun, in honor of his ancestors, gave the honor of being the family ancestor to his father, and thus became the second generation ancestor of the Kwong family.
- Kwong I P'ing (以平) - In the Changnan region Fong family, the sixth generation ancestor, Count Fong Tuanfu (方殷符) fathered seven sons. His fifth son, and the seventh generation ancestor, Fong T'ing-ying (廷英) then had three sons, among which, the eldest, Fong I-p'ing (以平，other name Hsün 詢 and pseudo-name San-ch'ih 三七) ，was a literati in the court of Emperor Kaotsung (高宗) and changed his named to Kwong. Due to his knowledge of imperial politics, he realized the instability of the regime and after witnessing the uprising of a feudal lord in the third month of 1129 AD (苗劉之變), I-p'ing the moved his clan to Tach'en City located in Hanhai County, Canton province (廣東南海大鎮鄉) in Emperor Kaotsung's reign in the fourth month of 1129 AD. I-p'ing is now regarded as the ancestor of the Kwong family in Canton province.
- Kwong's original surname was Guang (廣). According to some Kwong genealogy, during the Chin (東晉) Dynasty, there was a General Guang from Yung-ch'iu County (雍邱縣) in K'aifeng Prefecture (開封府). Chin was under attack from the Hsiungnu (匈奴) nation from the north. In 317AD, General Guang, while under seige, asked his two sons to escape to the south. In that same year the Chin capital of Loyang was sacked by the Hsiungnu. A son of the emperor reestablished the capital in Nanking and began the Eastern Chin dynasty. There was a massive population shift to the south to avoid foreign rule. Chinese culture began to shift its center from the Yellow River to the Yangtze River. To safeguard their identifies, the two Guang brothers changed their surname. The elder brother adopted the surname Kuang (曠), and the younger brother adopted the surname Kuang 鄺 (or Kwong). The original surname Guang (廣) was hidden in both of the new names. The brothers settled in Luchiang County (廬江縣) in the present Province of Anhuī province (安徽省).
[edit] Family motto
Kwong family ancestral ritual motto (鄺姓宗祠通用對聯, k'uang sheng tsungch'h t'ungyung tuiliehn) The Kwong family's ritual motto reflects the uniqueness of the origins of the Kwong surname and the links between the Lei, Fong, and Kwong clans.
"One origin, evolved into three ancestries. "源同一脈；衍以三宗."
Kwong family ancestral seven-word motto (鄺姓宗祠七言通用聯, k'uang sheng tsungch'h ch'ihyan t'ungyung liehn)
The motto memorializes two of the greatest Ming dynasty officials in the family. In the first line, the story of Kwong Lu's suicide in Haihsüeh Hall in the face of invading Manchurian rebels is memorialized. (see below) In the second line, the story of Kwong Ye's defense of a Ming city against Mongol bandits is proclaimed as a loyal act of fidelity. (see below)
"Official dies in Haihsüeh Hall; Warrior dies in defense of the fort." "海雪堂遺臣死節； 土木堡兵部殉忠."
[edit] Dispersion
[edit] Early dispersion in Canton province
According to the Chinese classical text Sheng Yuan (姓苑), "Many in Canton's Nanhai County bears the Kwong surname."
The fourth son of I-P'ing, Kwong Chun (鄺諄) had three sons. Ordered by their father to disperse and spread the family name, the second son of Chun, I-sheng (鄺一聲) migrated to Kukang in Xinhui county, Canton where he became the ancestor of the Hsinhui, K'aip'ing, and T'aishan lineage of the Kwong family (新會、開平、台山). Zhun's third son, Yi-chün (一俊), returned to the original home of the Kwong family in Canton, located in Tach'en, Nanhai County (南海大鎮鄉).
[edit] Dispersion in T'aishan County, Canton
During the reign of Emperor Ch'un-yu of the Sung Dynasty, Kwong Hsing (鄺興, style name Kung-piao 字公表), the fourth generation ancestor of the Kwong clan in Canton province, migrated from K'aip'ing county's P'an village to Ch'ung-yün Village in Hsinning County's San-pa town (新寧縣沖雲堡忠心村), now known as Ch'ung-yün village in T'aishan County's San-pa town (台山市三八鎮沖雲管理區忠心村), and became the ancestor of the Kwong clan in T'aishan county, the largest clan today in Mainland China. Since the founding of Hui-hsing's T'aishan-based ancestral branch, over 30 generations of Kwongs have taken root in Ch'ung-yün village, with a total of 13,835 individuals dispersed in 12 towns and 154 natural villages sharing the surname in T'aishan alone according to municipal statistics.
[edit] Dispersion overseas
Originally originated from Mainland China, there are over 5 million Kwongs today, dispersed mostly in China and in the ethnic Chinese communities in Hong Kong, Singapore, Philippines, United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Fiji, Thailand, Cuba, and Burma.
In the United States, 0.001% of the population has the last name Kwong.
[edit] Prominent individuals
Kwong Chun (鄺諄), Kwong I-p'ing's fourth son, won the imperial examinations in 1142 AD. In 1146, he received his commission and in 1152, is appoined the administrative governor of Anching in Lin-an (臨安京城), a Sung dynasty capital. In 1168, he was named T'aizu t'aipao (太子太保), the advisor to the crown prince; the kuanglu-tafu (光祿大夫), the imperial inspector of the emperor's dining; and the rank of nobility and peerage and remained the governor of Lin-an for 60 years. Chun's wives, He and Feng, were named noble women (一品夫人) at the same time. In 1217 AD, the Mongol army invaded the Sung dynasty and Kwong Chun ventured north to Yünching to lead the defense against the Mongols. In 1218 AD, Chun resigns from the court and moves his entire clan back to Heyüan county, Huichou in Canton province. He died in 1219 AD of exhaustion. His eldest son, Kwong I-yüan, remained in Huichou to guard Chun's grave until his death.
Kwong I-sheng (鄺一聲), was the third generation ancestor of the Canton clan of the Kwong surname and the third son of Kwong Chun. Born October 2, 1155, he won the imperial examinations at age 26 and during his thirty years of government service, was named the chief imperial doctor (朝奉大夫)，Director of Sentencing and Punishments (刑部主政)，Chancelor of the Imperial college(國子監祭酒), Administrative Director (尚寶司署), Governor of Palace Security (欽差提督), Administrative Director of the Judiciary 刑部尚書，and the Advisor to the Crown Prince (太子太保). He died July 8, 1246, leaving behind two sons, K'uei (奎，style name Kung-shao 字公昭) who became the ancestor of the Kwong clan in K'aiping county's P'an village (潘村), and H'sing (興, style name Kung-piao 字公表).
Kwong Lu (鄺露, style name 字湛若 and psedo-name 號海雪) （1604-1650), of Hainan County, Canton, was a Ming dynasty literati, specializing in poetry, literature, and calligraphy. In 1634, seventh year of Ming Tsungchen's reign (崇禎七年), he offended the magistrate of Hainan County and was exiled to Guangxi province where he became the scribe for five clans, the Shen, Lan, Hu, Hou, and P'an (岑、藍、胡、侯、槃). He later became employed by Yün-shan (雲鄲娘), a female warrior of the Yao tribe (瑤族), an ethnic Chinese tribe, and became familiar with the cultural anthropology, geography, and agriculture of the Yao peoples. He later authored Ch'e-ya (赤雅), now considered an authoritative book of the ethnic minority cultures and geography of the Kuanghsi region. He was later employed by King Tang in the Southern Ming period (南明唐王) where he was sent as an emissary to Canton by Emperor Yungli (永歷帝). When the Manchurian armies conquered the Ming empire, Kwong Lu committed suicide while embracing a traditional Chinese zither, weapon, and a classical text.
Kwong Yeh (鄺埜, style name Meng-chih 字孟質), of I-chang County, Hunan（湖南宜章)，was a Ming dynasty literati, winning the imperial examination in the reign of Emperor Yungle (永樂) and was appointed a position in the Imperial Defense department (兵部右侍郎). Yeh's father, Tzufu (鄺子輔), was a Anfu county magistrate (安福縣令) and later the chief educational minister of Chüjung County (句容縣教諭). According to the classic Ming Annals: Story of K'uang Yeh (明史·鄺埜傳), Tzufu was known as a remarkable educator and parent, shaping Meng-chih to become a studious, righteous, incorrupt, serious person exhibiting the utmost filial-piety towards his parents. When he was appointed the magistrate of Shan-tso county, Yeh became overcome with solitude from his parents, and decided to employ his father as the county examinations official. When Tzufu was notified of this, he became angry, telling his son that as a magistrate, he should not appoint an elder as an employee, due to improper observation of filial peity, remarking that "A son cannot control or complain about a father's work." On another occasion, Meng-chih sent some robes made of a rough cloth to Tzufu, and Tzufu repudiated Yeh, telling him that, "When you solve crimes, you should always look for proof and incriminating evidence insulting to the defendant. Why then do you insult me by sending me such clothes?" When Yeh learned of his father's reaction he broke into tears, accepting his father's scolding.
Kwong Jih-kuang (鄺曰廣), a Ming literati and a native of P'anyü County, Canton province, was an administrator of the Ming capital, Hsiangyang. In Ming Emperor Tsungchen's reign, Mongol bandits surrounded the city, Jih-kuang defended the city and was murdered under a bandit's sword, alongside his wife, concubine, two sons and two daughters.
Hiram Fong* (鄺友良), native of Taishan county, Canton, was a 20th century American politician. A true Horatio Alger legend, Fong was born into an impoverished family in Kalihi, Hawai'i on Oct. 1, 1907, as Yau Leong Fong. As a youth, Fong attended public schools, and held a variety of jobs to support his family, by selling beans and newspapers, shining shoes, and caddying golf for a quarter for nine holes. He later attended the University of Hawai'i, where he was the editor for the Ka Leo and Ka Palapala, the yearbook, and was a ROTC cadet, which paid 30 cents a day, "that paid for my lunch," recounted Fong. In 1930, Fong graduated with honors from UH in three years and attended Harvard Law School in 1932, later working as a deputy city attorney in Honolulu from 1935-1938. In 1938, Fong won election to the Territorial House of Representatives at the age of 31 and was chosen the House Speaker. His service in the Territorial House halted with the start of World War II in 1942 however, when he was called into action, serving as the judge advocate with the 7th Fighter Command of the Seventh Air Force, earning the rank of major and later retiring as a colonel in the U.S. Air Force Reserve. After his World War II service, Fong returned to his Territorial Legislature seat, finishing his term as the Vice President of the Territorial Constitutional Convention in 1950. In 1959, after a successful build-up of one of Hawai'i largest insurance financial empires, he ran for one of the two new US Senate seats for the state, becoming the only Republican to ever represent Hawai'i in the Senate, and the first and only Asian American to serve in the United States. Fong held the seat until Jan. 2, 1977, when he retired from politics as the ranking Republican on six committees from agriculture to retirement. He returned to his finance empire in 1976, serving as chairman of Finance Enterprises, Ltd. He died due to kidney failure on August 18, 2004 and is interred in Nuuanu Memorial Park and Mortuary.
Peter Kwong, or The Most Reverend Dr Peter Kong-Kit Kwong (鄺廣傑), is the archbishop of the Anglican province of Hong Kong and served as the first Chinese primate of the Anglican communion until 2006, when he was successed by The Most Reverend Dr Paul Kwong.
Li-jen Kwong (鄺麗貞), is the first female mayor of Tai-tung, Taiwan, Republic of China. Wife of former Tai-tung Mayor Wu Jun-li, Li-jen Kwong represents the Kuomintang, the Chinese Nationalist Party.
Paul Kwong, or The Most Reverend Dr Paul Kwong (鄺保祿) is the Primate of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Hong Kong Island Diocese．
Matt Fong* (鄺傑靈), is the adopted son of former Democratic Secretary of State March Fong Eu of California. He is a 1975 graduate of the United States Air Force Academy in 1975 and the Southwestern University School of Law in Los Angeles in 1985, serving as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Air Force. Fong was the Vice Chairman of the state Board of Equalization from 1990 to 1994 and as State Treasurer until 1998. In the U.S. Senate election, 1998, he challenged sitting California Senator Barbara Boxer unsuccessfully. Since then, he has returned to the practice of law and was appointed by President George W. Bush as the chairman of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation Advisory Board.
- Note: Due to the Taishan dialect which pronounces Kwong as Fong, the name was transliterated to Fong in the English language.
Larry "King" Kwong was a right-winger who made it into the New York Rangers' line-up for one season in 1947-48, the first Chinese-Canadian to play in the NHL. He was a successful amateur and minor pro player who also played a year in the United Kingdom. Born in Vernon, B.C., first played with such well known western clubs as the Trail Smoke Eaters, Nanaimo Clippers and Red Deer Wheelers. In 1946-47, he came east and registered 37 points in 47 games for the New York Rovers of the EHL in 1946-47. Following his appearance with the Rangers, Kwong played with the Rovers' EHL franchise before moving on to the team the organization had entered in the Quebec Senior League. Content in the QSHL, Kwong spent the next seven years with the league's Valleyfield Braves. He topped the 20-goal mark six times and led the Braves to the league championship in 1951. That year he was presented the Vimy Trophy as the most valuable player in the league. Kwong retired in 1958 after spending a year with the Nottingham Panthers of the British League.
Cally Kwong (鄺美雲) won Miss Hong Kong 1982 and subsequently entered the Chinese entertainment industry as an actress and successful musician, producing many hits in the eighties. She is also notable for her interest in traditional Chinese opera and instruments.
Kylie Kwong (born 1968 in Australia) is a prominent Australian television chef, author, television presenter and restaurateur.
Chi-Kin Kwong, or 鄺志堅, (1958 - ) is a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, representing the non-geographical labour functional constituency, and a member of the Bar of England and Hong Kong.
[edit] Variations
Variations of the surname, Kwong, also remain common. These include different spellings of the English term, and versions from other countries and cultures. In the overseas communities, those with the spelling Kwong trace their origins to families who have immgrated overseas before the 1970s when Mainland China reformed its romanization system, adjusting the surname spelling to Kuàng. Hong Kong residents continue to use the spelling Kwong along with virtually all other overseas Chinese communities.
Alternatively, since the majority of Kwongs trace their origins to Taishan, a coastal county in Canton province, many Kwongs pronounce the name Fong, in accordance with the pronunciation of the local dialect.
[edit] English variations
In addition, at the beginning of the 20th century, when many new Chinese immigrants were entering the U.S., civil servants at Ellis Island or Angel Island responsible for cataloguing the entry of such persons sometimes arbitrarily assigned the surname of individuals bearing the surname Kwong and thus spelled it in a variety of ways, including Kong, Kwang, Kwong, and Fong.
[edit] Organizational affiliations
The Soo Yuen Benevolent Association was founded in 1846, in the 26th year of the Ching dynasty reign of Daoguang in Shuikou town in Kaiping County. Reflecting the common origin of the Lei, Fong, and Kwong families, the Soo Yuen Benevolent Association is made up of members from the three families. The association chairmanship rotates between the three families. In 1880, the main association headquarters were founded in San Francisco and the association building was built in 1886. Today, Soo Yuen Benevolent Association halls are located in over a dozen cities in the United States and Canada, Cuba, Singapore, the Philippines, Fiji, Thailand, Australia, Burma, and Hong Kong. Wherever there are Chinese communities with the Lei, Fong, and Kwong surnames, Soo Yuen Benevolent Association halls have been established. Today, the organization publsihed a monthly journal and commits a majority of their resources to college scholarships, elderly support payments, and financial aid programs to members of the three families.
