Kuruc
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The kuruc (Hungarian: kuruczok/kurucok [sg. kuruc(z)], Slovak: kuruci [sg. kuruc]) was a term used to denote the armed anti-Habsburg rebels in Royal Hungary between 1671 and 1711.
The kuruc army were mostly composed of Magyars, Slovaks, Ruthenians and some Romanians, the leading nobles were usually Magyars.
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[edit] Name
According to Matej Bel (Bél Mátyás), an 18th century scholar, the word was first used in 1514 for the armed peasants leaded by György Dózsa. They were called crusaders because the peasant rebellion started as an official crusade against the Ottomans. Bel supposed that the word kuruc is derived from the Latin word "crux" (cross).
Today linguists don't approve Bel's theory. The word emerged in the 1660's in the forms "kurus", "kuroc", “kurudsch“ and was understood as rebel, theft etc.
In 1671 the name was used by Meni, the belerbeg pasha of Eger in what is today Hungary, to denote the predominantly noble refugees from Royal Hungary. Afterwards the name became quickly popular and was used from 1671 to 1711 texts written in the Magyar, Slovak and Turkish language to denote the rebels of Royal Hungary and northern Transylvania. The rebels were fighting against the Habsburgs and their policy. The rebels of the first kuruc uprising called themselves bújdosók (ie. fugitives) or in official long form: "different fugitive orders - barons, nobles, cavalry and infantry soldiers - who fight for the material and spiritual liberty of the Hungarian motherland".
The leader of the last of these rebellions, Francis II Rákóczi, also did not use this term. Contemporary sources often used the term "malcontents" to denote the rebels.
The opposite term were (more frequently since 1678) the labanc.
[edit] History
[edit] The first kuruc uprising
The first kuruc uprising happened in 1672. The kuruc army came together in the Partium where a lot of refugees with different origins took shelter from the religious and political persecutions happening in Royal Hungary. They called themselves bújdosók (fugitives). The main subgroups were Protestants, nobles (from the small nobility) and soldiers from the végvárs (frontier castles) who were sacked by the Habsburg generals. This army invaded Upper Hungary in August 1672 where they conquered the castles of Diósgyőr, Ónod, Szendrő and Tokaj. After they defeated the Habsburg amy of Paris von Spankau near Cassovia the towns of Upper Hungary surrendered and a lot of dissatisfied people joined them from the Slovak and Ruthenian populated northern counties.
The two leaders of the army of "fugitives" were Pál Szepesi and Mátyás Szuhay, members of the small nobility who preveiously took part in other anti-Habsburg movements.
According to the recollections of Pál Szepesi the "fugitives" began looting in the northern countries: "In the guise of persecuting the Papists they pillaged whole counties. We began killing the plunderers but no avail - they didn't respect any officers."
The Hofkriegsrath of Vienna immediately took some measures: strengthened the Habsburg troops, called more soldiers from Lower Hungary and made peace with the Hajduk. On 26 October 1672 the Habsburg army defeated the "fugitives" at Gyurke (later Hungarian Györke, Slovak Ďurkov). They retreated behind the line of the Tisza.
After this initial success the Habsburg government began systematic religious and political persecution in Royal Hungary. The most infamous case was the trial of 300 Protestant pastors who were sentenced to death in 1674, and later they were sold as galley slaves in Naples causing public outcry all over Europe.
[edit] Universitas of the "fugitives"
In 1675 the "fugitives" occupied Debrecen. Later in that year the town was sacked again by three different armies as was not uncommon that time in troubled Upper Hungary.
The fugitives tried to organise themselves as an independent community called "universitas" or "communitas". They issued decrees, sent envoys to foreign powers, made a seal and held Diets (assemblies). That time they were already called kuruc although they never called themselves so. Between 1674 and 1678 their leader was Count Pál Wesselényi, the cousin of the late Palatine Ferenc Wesselényi.
The "fugitives" established diplomatic connections with Poland in 1674 and France in 1675. In May 1677 France, Poland, the Pricipality of Transylvania and the Universitas of the "Fugitives" signed a treaty in Warsaw. According to that King Louis XIV of France guaranteed 100'000 tallers aid and assistance. The "fugitives" were obliged to attack the Habsburgs with an army of at least 15'000 people. Michael I Apafi, the Prince of Transylvania gave military and financial support to the universitas.
In the autumn of 1677 2000 French, Polish and Tatar soldiers arrived in Upper Hungary. This small army, led by colonel Beaumont, wasn't able to seriously threaten the Habsburg supremacy. Royal Hungary became one seat of the European war between Emperor Leopold I and King Louis XIV of France. The president of the Viennese Hofkriegsrath, Raimondo Montecuccoli draw a plan of "pacification" under the title "L'Ungheria nell'anno 1677". According to that Royal Hungary would be occupied by three Austrian armies, the remnants of the Hungarian constitution abolished and a grand-scale program of German colonisation implemented. Chancellor Paul Hocher, one of the most influental man in the Habsburg government, agreed with Montecuccoli's plan. In the Secret Council he declared that "all Hungarians are traitors".
[edit] Under Mihály Teleki
In 1678 the fugitives accepted Mihály Teleki, the Chancellor of Transylvania as their leader. Prince Apafi proclaimed war against the Habsburgs. Before that he had to beg leave the Ottoman Sultan (his overlord). The Sultan made an uccacceptable condition: in the case of success all Royal Hungary should became part of the Ottoman Empire.
On 5 April 1678 Prince Apafi issued an ambigous declaration to the people of Hungary: he announced that himself together with the Polish and the French kings took up the arms against "the heavy yoke of oppression" and recommended "the submission to the mighty Turkish Emperor with a reasonable mind and sharp eye".
The kuruc army of Teleki together with the Polish and French troops advanced well into Upper Hungary but they immediately retreated into Transylvania at the sight of the first Habsburg regiments. The failure wrecked Teleki's image as a competent leader. On the other hand a small kuruc cavalry troop (with only 8000 people) occupied for a short time the most important mining towns and castles of Lower Hungary.
[edit] The great kuruc uprisings
In 1678 one of the most influental young nobleman of Upper Hungary and Transylvania, Imre Thököly declared war against the Habsburgs. In August 1678 Thököly's army occupied almost all Lower and Upper Hungary. The Habsburg rule in Royal Hungary quickly collapsed. The fugitives joined the Thököly Uprising, and officially elected him their leader in Szoboszló in January 1680. The kuruc troops were merged into Thököly's own army.
That time onwards the history of the kurucs are synonimous with the history of the two great anti-Habsburg uprisings in the Kingdom of Hungary between 1680 and 1711 ie. the Thököly Uprising and the Rákóczi Uprsing. Although these movements are generally called the kuruc wars and the anti-Habsburg party kurucs both uprisings had a much wider social base and more complex political aims as the original kuruc movements. The history of the great kuruc uprisings see under their respective leaders, Imre Thököly and Francis II Rákóczi.
[edit] Later usage
In the first half 18th century the term was generally used to denote Hungarian cavalry soldiers (Hussar) serving in the Habsburg army, especially in the time of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). Many former kuruc soldier of the Rákóczi Uprising joined the Habsburg army after 1711.
That time the Prussians were also called kurucs in Hungarian literature for example by József Gvadányi in 1790. The reason behind this strange usage was that all the enemies of the labanc Habsburgs were considered synomymous with the kurucs.
In the end of the 18th century the word went out of usage in the common parlance, and became an exclusively historical term for the rebels of Rákóczi and Thököly.
In present-day Hungarian language kuruc is used to denote somewhat ironically the very patriotic, old-fashioned people who are stubborn, independent and "101 percent" Magyar.
