KNX (AM)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
-
- This article is about the AM radio station. For other uses see KNX
 |
|
| Broadcast area | Los Angeles, California |
|---|---|
| Branding | KNX 1070 Newsradio |
| First air date | September 10, 1920 (as 6ADZ) |
| Frequency | 1070 (kHz) |
| Format | News/Talk |
| ERP | 50,000 watts |
| Class | A |
| Callsign meaning | News-Express (Under ownership by the Los Angeles Evening Express, 1922-1928) |
| Owner | CBS Corporation/CBS Radio |
| Website | www.knx1070.com |
KNX is a Los Angeles, California, clear channel radio station operating on 1070 kHz with 50,000 watts of power from a transmitter site in Torrance, a key West Coast flagship station for the CBS Radio Network since 1937. It has been broadcasting an all-news radio format since 1968. In recent years however, since the arrival of David G. Hall as Program Director, the station has clearly moved away from all news and devotes many hours each day to programs that are not "all news."
The station's daytime signal beams from Mexico to Santa Barbara. At night, KNX can be heard throughout the Western United States and many offshore regions of the Pacific. The station also broadcasts a high-definition HD Radio signal and streams online through its web site.
[edit] Born in a Hollywood Bedroom...
The radio station that would become KNX took to the airways as experimental station 6ADZ on September 10, 1920, built by a former Marconi shipboard wireless operator turned radio parts retailer. Fred Christian launched the station using his Hollywood bedroom as its studio. He played records borrowed from music stores over his 5-watt transmitter and urged listeners to visit the stores and buy the records. Christian's goal was to provide programming for his crystal set customers. In the process, he became LA’s first deejay.
Christian's radio station was not the first in Los Angeles. The Western Radio Electric Company had received a license for Special Land Station 6XD in April, five months before Christian took to the air. Station 6XD became KZC, then KOG, then vanished from the air in 1923.
In December 1921, Christian’s The Electric Lighting & Supply Company received a 50-watt permit and the call letters KGC from the U.S. Department of Commerce, five years before the Federal Radio Commission was created. A year later, Christian sold the station to the Los Angeles Evening Express, a now-defunct newspaper which gave the station its current name (‘K’ for its western location, ‘N’ for News, ‘X’ for Express). The call letters had been used once before, assigned to the radio transmitter aboard the U.S. steamship Susanah until the vessel was sold and sailed off to Italy.
[edit] Changes in Power and Ownership
By 1924, 583 radio stations were broadcasting across the United States and many jockeyed for power and dial positions. Until 1926, the Commerce Department was under orders to issue a broadcasting license to anyone who wanted one, and the evolution of the early radio spectrum — and government attempts to regulate it — seem chaotic in hindsight.
KNX's power was raised to 1,000 watts in 1924, then lowered to 500 watts in 1927. A year later the station was boosted to 5,000 watts, then 25,000 watts in 1929 and 50,000 watts in 1934. The station applied for a 500,000-watt permit in 1935 (with plans to emulate Powel Crosley's WLW, then the most powerful radio station in the world) but withdrew the application three years later.
KNX's dial position shifted as well, moving up the AM dial from 833 to 890, then to 1050 (under General Order 40). KNX's final reassignment to 1070 kHz, a shared clear channel, came at 3am on March 29, 1941 under the North American Radio Broadcasting Agreement, a treaty among six North American nations to divide and manage the airways.
KNX's years as the radio voice of the Evening Express ended in January, 1928 when the newspaper sold the station to Western Broadcast Co., whose holdings included Portland, Oregon's KEX (AM).
[edit] KNX in the Thirties
On April 13, 1930, KNX became the first (and only) radio station to broadcast the Academy Awards, then in their second year, live from the Cocoanut Grove of the Ambassador Hotel. The Motion Picture Academy cancelled further radio broadcasts from then on. (There were actually two Oscar ceremonies that year. April's honored films released in 1928-1929. Another, on November 3, honored 1930's movies.)
During the Thirties, a growing number of stations that had not affiliated with NBC or CBS began forming regional networks of their own, a way of increasing original, high-quality content in order to survive the onset of the Network Era. KNX became half of the Western Network in 1935, a two-station hookup which shared programs with San Francisco's KSFO.
Competition with newspapers became fierce, too. By the mid-Thirties, radio advertising revenues were a quarter those of newspapers' and radio was growing as a source of breaking news. To protect their newspaper clients, the Associated Press, International News Service and United Press combined to form the Press-Radio Bureau, a virtual cartel which banned radio stations from broadcasting wire service material until five to eight hours after the news items had hit the streets in newspapers.
KNX refused to abide by the pact and produced a satirical radio drama lampooning newspaper efforts to squelch broadcast news. In retaliation, the Los Angeles Times dropped KNX's program listings from its pages and bitter court battles ensued. KNX ultimately joined Transradio Press which emerged from the Wire Service War, transmitting news dispatches for especially for radio stations via shortwave Morse code.
[edit] CBS and William Paley
In New York, CBS founder William S. Paley was fighting battles of his own. His relationship with Cadillac-LaSalle car dealer Don Lee, who owned a network of 12 stations across the West, had soured. Paley had been an enthusiastic partner in co-founding the Don Lee-Columbia Network in July, 1929 as an expeditious solution to the Columbia Broadcasting System's lack of western affiliates. Paley had become frustrated by his lack of control over the network's 12 affiliates long before Lee died in 1934. Control of the Lee network was assumed by Lee's son, Tommy.
Columbia shows were carried live on the Lee-Columbia hookup. As a result, the CBS schedule ended at 8pm when the East Coast feed signed off. Lee filled the nighttime hours with shows from his KHJ in Los Angeles and KFRC in San Francisco, but the shared network was not the showcase Paley sought for his programs.
On March 19, 1936, Paley purchased KNX for a record $1.2 million. Paley now had his own L.A. station, putting an end to the Don Lee-Columbia network and KHJ's affiliation as Columbia's Los Angeles flagship. CBS moved its programming to KNX on January 1, 1937; Lee's stations became the western backbone of fledgling Mutual Broadcasting System.
Paley was anxious to feed the growing nationwide hunger for Hollywood movie stars on radio. Twenty network programs had originated from Hollywood over NBC and CBS during the 1934-35 season. Already on the drawing board by the time Paley acquired KNX were plans for a new facility that would draw top Hollywood talent to his network and compete with archrival NBC's Radio City, under construction at Sunset and Vine.
On April 30, 1938, Paley moved KNX from its most recent studios at 5926 Sunset Boulevard to CBS Columbia Square at 6121 Sunset, a $2 million facility, the most expensive radio broadcasting facility of its day and a location KNX would occupy for 67 years.
KNX and CBS were inextricably linked for the next 22 years. Their shared facilities produced network and local programs. Columbia Square was a magnet for Hollywood’s top stars, writers, musicians and producers. While news and soap operas continued to originate in New York, the CBS/KNX facility produced the bulk of Columbia’s classic old-time radio dramas and comedies.
[edit] The Forties and Fifties
In February, 1942, Time magazine reported, "KNX announced at 1:15am that instead of signing off it was inaugurating a regular four-hour program lasting to 5am for the benefit of 'swing shifters' in local war industries. Knocking off work and dining after midnight, accustomed to stay up until at least 6am, these men and their families now may listen to a full 'evening' of radio, including, by transcription, some of CBS's best sustaining shows." World War II had pushed KNX into a 24-hour schedule.
With "swing shifters" back on normal sleep schedules at war's end, the KNX overnight lineup changed to classical music from 1952 until 1970. The show emerged from a casual conversation between Paley and American Airlines president C. R. Smith who complained he was unable to find quality radio programming after midnight. Paley responded by creating Music 'Til Dawn, sponsored by the airline. The program originated from KNX and was fed to ten of Columbia's western affiliates. Mel Baldwin was the host of "Music Till Dawn" for many years. George Walsh, announcer on Gunsmoke and Suspense (later an all-news anchor and the voice of Smokey Bear) later hosted the program, and won a Peabody Award in 1966.
KNX won two Peabody Awards in the 1940s: In 1940, for Meritorious Service to a Localized Area, another in 1943, for Outstanding Community Service by a Regional Station for the program These Are Americans.
Steve Allen joined KNX in 1948 as a late-night disc jockey. His show was a hybrid: part deejay, part audience participation, that aired at midnight. Allen gained national attention when his program was booked as a summer replacement for the Our Miss Brooks radio show in 1950. It was so successful that CBS moved The Steve Allen Show to the CBS Television Network on Christmas Day, 1950. Allen was not the only KNX personality to make the leap to CBS TV.
Boston deejay Bob Crane arrived LA in 1956 to host the KNX morning show. "The King of the Los Angeles Airwaves" filled the second-story broadcast booth with his drum set, movie stars and cunning humor. His show was the number-one rated morning show in Los Angeles, drawing Marilyn Monroe, Frank Sinatra among other top stars. Crane, however, dreamed of becoming a star himself and left his $150,000-a-year position in 1965 to take the lead in a new CBS series, Hogan's Heroes.
[edit] The 1960s
The Golden Age of Radio came crashing down over the weekend of November 25-27, 1960, when the last of the CBS soap operas and most of its prime-time comedies and variety shows signed off forever. For the first time since 1937, when CBS began providing the bulk of KNX's air content, the station was forced to program its broadcast day largely on its own with deejay and talk shows.
KNX's lineup included talk show host Michael Jackson, Ralph Story, Regis Cordic (who took over Bob Crane's morning slot) and Bill Ballance (The Ballance of the Night). Journalist Ruth Ashton, who had worked with CBS' Ed Murrow and Bob Trout in New York (but was fired for the then-unforgivable career offense of becoming pregnant) hosted and co-hosted several KNX shows in the 1960s, often with Gene Autry's comic sidekick Pat Buttram. "This was not the highlight of my journalistic career,” she later said, “but it was a highlight."
In September, 1965, during Michael Jackson's show, vandals severed a wire supporting KNX's 500-foot tower in Torrance. The tower collapsed and engineers worked frantically to string a temporary antenna, putting KNX back on the air at reduced power. By coincidence, the signal was restored during Jackson's time slot days later. Nonplussed, Jackson began, "Now, before we were interrupted..." Jackson was later fired by KNX for being too forthcoming in commentaries on the Watts Riots.
In 1962, KNX won its third Peabody Award — for science coverage.
[edit] The All-News Era
The first all-news station to serve Los Angeles was Gordon McLendon's XETRA in Tijuana. McLendon targeted the LA market with XETRA's powerful signal though Ed Pyle, who anchored "Extra News" before joining KNX and later became its news director, has said, "When Extra News had been the only source of all-news radio in the city, there had been a team of anchors down in Tijuana pretending they were covering news in Los Angeles without a single field reporter in Southern California."
KNX, along with the six other CBS-owned-and-operated AM stations (WCBS, WCAU, WBBM, WCCO, KMOX, and KCBS) entered the all-news era in 1968 at the direction of William Paley, impressed with the performance of WINS New York which had become an all-news station in 1965. The format change put KNX in direct competition with KFWB which also went all-news in 1968, along with other stations of the Westinghouse chain.
Reporter John Goodman was on the KNX all-news start-up team. “It was chaos at the time," he has said. "They brought in new people from all over the country. They had a format laid out and we hoped it all worked, but the catalyst for the KNX all-news format was the Robert Kennedy assassination. It happened six weeks after we went all-news.”
As 1968 drew to a close, Los Angeles had three hometown all-news stations: KABC-FM, (now KLOS) which later adopted a progressive rock format, had preceded KNX and KFWB relying heavily on network content. The KNX all-news format was given five years to prove its profitability. The experiment "took."
"KNX used to have what we called 'an army of field reporters'" said Pyle. They included Pete Moraga, Jerry Laird, Barry Rhode, Bud Kraft, John D. O'Connell, Boyd Harvey, Walt Hoffman, Alex Sullivan, Larry Atteberry, Beach Rogers, Ron Hedley and Mike Landa who remains as KNX's Orange County, California Bureau Chief.
Since 1968, KNX has covered virtually every major Los Angeles news event or disaster including the 1992 Los Angeles Riots, 1994 Northridge Earthquake and O.J. Simpson trial. KNX was the only radio station to cover the entire Simpson trial gavel-to-gavel.
[edit] Traffic Reports
Traffic reporting has long been a mainstay of KNX, not surprising in a city where the term Sig Alert was invented (1955), an area cris-crossed by a dozen major Southern California freeways.
Traffic reports, once heard every six minutes during the day on KNX, are now updated in "extended" format every ten minutes on the "5s," identified by the distinctive KNX traffic "sounder," composed in about a hour's time in 1969 by former KNX Promotions Director Fred Bergendorf. "I wanted it to sound like a car horn," Bergendorf told the Los Angeles Times, which reported that the Moog-generated ID has played, by conservative estimates, over two million times over nearly four decades — once for every traffic report.
Chuck Rowe, once the overnight traffic anchor, is the morning traffic anchor from 5am to 10am, a position once held by Jim Thornton and the legendary Bill Keene (1927-2000). A consummate traffic reporter who began his KNX years in as the weatherman in 1957, "The Sultan of Sig Alerts" laced his updates with colorful epithets. He is credited with naming the "El Toro Y" and "Orange Crush." In 1992, Keene received a star of Hollywood's Walk of Fame. CalTrans, on what would have been Keene's 80th birthday, named the interchange of the 101 and 110 freeways (known as the Four-Level Interchange, but which Keene often called "The Stacks" or "The 4-H Interchange") in his honor. He is also famous for the terms "Poop-out Pass" (referring to the Sepulveda Pass) and "Malfunction Junction" (referring to the East L.A. Interchange).
Donna Page, senior traffic anchor who has been with KNX since 1998, handles 10am to 3pm reports, and Meghan Reyes covers the 3pm to 7pm traffic scene. Reyes is also one of the morning airborne traffic reporters. Randy Keith, an avid ham radio operator, is the primary traffic fill-in, with Tim Greenwood and Doug Dunlap working mostly weekends.
California Highway Patrol officer Jill Angel, Christina Griego, Pat Haslam and Dona Dower were among the earlier voices of KNX Traffic in recent years. Haslam, best known in Orange County as "Dr. Drive," is famous for using dialects and Bill Keene-esque sayings during his tenure as the overnight traffic anchor. David Courtney, public address announcer for Angel Stadium of Anaheim, is also a former KNX traffic alumnus.
KNX uses the resources of Westwood One's Metro Traffic and its aircraft during morning and afternoon commutes. The primary airborne reporters (who are not employed by KNX ) are Mike O'Brien (not to be confused with the Las Vegas radio DJ of the same name), Tommy Jaxson, Larry Barajas and Scott Burt.
[edit] Major Changes: New Location, Lower Ratings
In 2003, KNX made sweeping changes by forcing out longtime Vice President and General Manager George Nicolaw, a community fixture who gave weekly editorials on the station. Programming duties for KNX and KFWB (which now share office space and are commonly owned by CBS Radio) were assumed by David G. Hall, who was previously in charge of KFI during some of its most successful years. KRTH's Pat Duffy became Vice President and General Manager for KNX and KFWB. Results have been mixed at best with KNX currently suffering from its lowest ratings in years.
Hall shook things up almost from the time of his arrival. Station jingles were dropped along with the decades-old popular slogan, "All you need to know." A new morning team was assembled: anchors Vicky Moore from KFI and Dave Williams from KFWB, sportscaster Randy Kerdoon from KTTV and former afternoon anchor Dick Helton in a new role as Senior Political Reporter. An earlier sportscaster, Chuck Madden was fired soon after Williams and Moore made their debuts. Prior to this, the award-winning morning news team of Linda Nunez and Tom Haule anchored the 5am to 10am news for nearly a decade. Hall's changes to the morning lineup received mixed reviews. Some did not like the "happy talk" style employed by his new anchors and felt the new anchors did not have enough of a serious news approach. The all-important ratings for the morning news dropped significantly.
Hall got rid of the afternoon anchor team of Dick Helton and Dave Zorn (who has since retired to Arizona due to health issues). In their place he named a new afternoon lineup — former traffic reporter Jim Thornton and Gail Eichenthal. Thornton's appointment was very controversial since he had never anchored news on a major station. Many felt he was not qualfied to be suddenly placed in the high profile afternoon achor slot in the second largest market in the United States. Eichenthal quit the station in protest. Hall replaced Eichenthal by bringing over Vicki Cox from his other station, KFWB. Afternoon news ratings have also significantly declined.
Hall also dropped the long tradition of sports at 15 and 45 past the hour, which had attracted a strong following. He never explained the reason for this change. One source said that the change was made because both KNX and KFWB had been doing sports at the same time. This was a throwback to the days in which they were competitors. But since both stations are now owned by the same company, programming was shifted to be complemantary, rather than competitive.
Another controversial Hall change was his dropping of the long-running KNX Drama Hour in 2003. Hall said the change was made because he realized during the 2003 Southern California fires how important it was for KNX to provide "news around the clock." Later programming decisions would cast doubts on Hall's explanation. On January 1, 2004 Hall added two weekend talk shows from his former station, KFI: Computer News with Jeff Levy and the return of Food News with Melinda Lee. Food News had run for years on weekdays at 10am on KNX, but was dropped in 1997.
In 2006, Hall made the most radical changes to KNX since it switched to all-news. He dropped the news format from 9am until noon and substituted a money and consumer-news talk show with KNX financial editor Bob McCormick, Money 101. From noon to 1pm, Hall inserted a taped syndicated talk show Real Money (which coincidently is produced by Hall) from Westwood One featuring Jim Cramer from CNBC. During the McCormick program are news inserts at the top and bottom of the hour. But since the Kramer show is syndicated, KNX listeners hear only a very brief headline summmary during that program.
Some critics have complained that KNX is no longer a station you can go to when you want to hear breaking news.
During the outbreak of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon war, KNX chose not to even air CBS News updates which the station had prominently featured in the past during breaking news events. (During the early weeks of the U.S.-Iraq war, KNX aired CBS News updates several times each hour.)
Another example of how KNX had drastically changed occurred on August 10, 2006 after the British government uncovered a terrorist plot to blow up trans-Atlantic aircraft. Previously, KNX would have provided "wall-to-wall" news coverage. Instead, KNX continued with its money and consumer programming with Bob McCormick, which focused mostly on how the stock market would be affected. No CBS updates, a KNX staple in previous year, were offered, as in the past.
Longtime City Hall Bureau reporter Alex Sullivan departed while former morning co-anchor Tom Haule, after being ousted from his moring co-anchor slot, became the station's operations manager. Reporter Michael Ambrosini, whom Hall unexpectedly had taken off the street to record several taped commentaries each day, departed in July, 2006, when Hall decided to return Ambrosini to street reporting. Overnight anchor Carlos Gaivar, who replaced Beach Rogers as the station's primary overnight voice in 1998, was let go in 2005.
As part of Hall's remaking of KNX, new voices were added including Ron Kilgore (NBC News Radio, KFWB), Charles Feldman (CNN), Aiden Pickering, (BBC, KTTV), Brooke Binkowski (CNN Radio) and Michael Linder (KTLA, America's Most Wanted). New anchors included Kim Marriner (KCBS), Bob Sirkin (CBS Radio Network) and Colin Fluxman (KKGO, KCSN).
Many mainstay voices from the pre-David G. Hall days remain: Reporter/anchors Linda Nunez, Diane Thompson and Chris Stanley, reporters Luis Torres, Vytas Safronikas and Todd Leitz. Tom Hatten, Jim Svejda, Lisa Karlin and Leonard Maltin on the entertainment beat; commentaries by Charles Osgood, Kent Shocknek and Dave Ross; environmental features Pulse of the Planet, Stardate and Earth News; and Michael Josephson on ethics. Hall also eliminated many field reporting shifts (especially in the evening and on weekends) meaning that KNX often does not even have a reporter to send to breaking stories.
Steve Grad is the Sports Director of KNX, joining the station in 1993. Randy Kerdoon, Paul Olden, Pat Haslam and Chris Madsen also provides sports updates. One-time KLOS sports reporter Charleye Wright joined KNX in 1995 (replacing Peter Arbogast), and remained with KNX until his death in 1998.
On August 12, 2005 moved its studios. KNX ceased broadcasting from its historic at CBS Columbia Square on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood after 67 years, moving to its new facilities a few miles away on the Miracle Mile in Los Angeles. Dave Zorn was the last person to broadcast on KNX from Columbia Square studios. For the first time in over 80 years, the station was no longer "The Voice of Hollywood."
[edit] Programming Strategy
Hall claims the station's focus since 2003 has been on perspective and in-depth journalism. Hall's says his two-station strategy is designed to pack KFWB with as many news items as possible, while he says he wants to use KNX to probe news and issues in greater analytical detail. Hall has allowed some longer reports to be broadcast. He has also tried sending his anchors to remote locations during the afternoon news block.
But the ratings for both stations since Hall took over have not improved.
[edit] Miscellany
- Western music was a staple of KNX in the Twenties. The Range Riders and Arizona Wranglers were among the most popular performers.
- The Signal Oil Company's wildly popular Tarzan of the Apes radio serial premiered on KNX in 1932 with a three-hour remote broadcast from the Pantages Theater, Edgar Rice Burroughs and Johnny Weissmuller in attendance.
- 1934 Sunday evening fare included the KNX Radio Revival Hour with evangelist Rev. Charles Fuller who enlisted "prayer warriors" on the air and later taught the Radio Bible Class on KNX weekday afternoons.
- The 1970s saw the premiere of the original KNX Food News Hour hosted by Chef Mike Roy and newscaster Dennis Bracken. A young caterer, Melinda Lee, inherited the slot in 1985, co-hosting it with Chris Lane until 1994.
- KNX was the first station in Southern California to announce the Northridge Earthquake on January 17, 1994. At 4:31am, Beach Rogers was on the air when the quake struck, temporarily knocking the station off the air. Upon returning, Rogers calmly notified listeners that a major earthquake had occurred. Non-stop coverage of the 6.7-magnitude quake, which killed 57 and injured 1,500 people (the costliest earthquake in U.S. history), followed with six-minute traffic reports, a staple for the next 10 years.
- For many years, until 1995, KNX was the football and basketball flagship station for the University of Southern California. Chick Hearn, Tom Kelly and Pete Arbogast were the voices of Trojans football during that time. *Bill Seward, Rory Markas and longtime Los Angeles sportscaster Gil Stratton provided sports reports at 15- and 45-minutes past the hour along with Arbogast, Steve Grad and Fred Gallagher.
- KNX was also the home to CBS Radio and Westwood One sports, broadcasting the National Football League and Major League Baseball, including the World Series and the Super Bowl.
- In 2002, the year before David G. Hall took over, KNX had revenues of $36.9 million making it the No. 2 revenue-generating station in the market among AM outlets according to industry tracker BIA Financial Networks Inc.
- KNX program director David G. Hall has been memoralized as a character of the same name on The Phil Hendrie Show, which was formerly based on KFI. It was inspired by Hall when he was KFI's program director and Phil worked for him. When the show was eventually syndicated, Hall was later identified as "vice president of syndication for the Phil Hendrie show."
[edit] Weekday Programming
- 1am - 5am News, Colin Fluxman/Kim Marriner
- 5am - 9am Southern California's Morning News with Dave Williams and Vicky Moore, sports with Randy Kerdoon, financial news with Bob McCormick and traffic with Chuck Rowe.
- 9am - Noon Money 101 with Bob McCormick, news updates from Linda Nunez, and traffic reports from Chuck Rowe (9-10am) and Donna Page (10am-noon)
- Noon - 1pm KNX Noon News with Ron Kilgore and Diane Thompson.
- 1pm - 2pm KNX Business Hour with Frank Mottek, news updates from Vicki Cox, and traffic with Donna Page.
- 2pm - 3pm Southern California's Afternoon News with Frank Mottek and Vicki Cox, sports with Randy Kerdoon, traffic with Donna Page, and business news with Ron Kilgore.
- 3pm - 7pm Southern California's Afternoon News with Jim Thornton and Vicki Cox, traffic with Meghan Reyes, sports with Steve Grad.
- 7pm - 9pm News, Jack Salvatore, sports with Steve Grad, financial news by Frank Mottek, traffic with Tommy Jaxson.
- 9am - 1am News, Larry Van Nuys/Pat Haslam
[edit] Weekend Programming
- 1am - 5am News, Bob Sirkin
- 5am - Music and the Spoken Word Mormon Tabernacle Choir
- 5:30am - 8am News, Larry Van Nuys
- 7:06am - Saturdays, President's Radio Address
- 8:06am - Saturdays, Democrats' Radio Address
- 8am - noon Food News with Melinda Lee
- Noon - 2pm Computer News with Jeff Levy
- 2pm - 7pm News, Kim Marriner
- 7pm - 8pm Saturday CBS World News Weekend Roundup
- 7pm - 8pm Sunday 60 Minutes simulcast
- 8pm - 1pm News, Pat Haslam
[edit] See also...
| AM radio stations in the Los Angeles market (Arbitron #2, 25, and 120) | |
|
|
|
|
(Arbitron #2) |
|
|
|
|
|
San Bernardino (Arbitron #25) |
|
|
(Arbitron #120) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
