Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corporation
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Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corporation (280 F.3d 934 (CA9 2002)) is a U.S. court case between a commercial photographer and a search engine company. During the case ownership of Arriba Soft changed to Sorceron, which is operating a search engine as Ditto.com.
It appears that US search engines may use thumbnails of images (size limits not determined) and the issue of inline linking to full size images instead of going to the original site is unclear. Caution suggests obtaining legal advice; linking to the original site in its own window appears a safe choice; with requesting permission remaining the most prudent course of action.
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[edit] Facts
The plaintiff sold pictures to various publications. The defendant ran a search engine on which plaintiff Kelly's pictures appeared as thumbnails. Clicking on the thumbnails would connect with Kelly's website and display the full picture in a new web browser window. The full picture was not stored in Arriba's system, but would nevertheless be displayed on the user's screen in a frame environment provided by Arriba.
[edit] Case history
In 2002 the Ninth Circuit United States Court of Appeals in San Francisco, California overturned a lower court summary judgment ruling in favor of the defendant, holding that:
- The thumbnails were fair use, not copyright infringements. It upheld the right of image search engines to display thumbnail copies of images within their search results so long as the website URL was linked from the thumbnail.
- The in-line links that displayed the full picture were not fair use, so were infringing the exclusive rights of Kelly.
On July 7, 2003 the Ninth Circuit modified its initial decision. They let stand the ruling about thumbnails and fair use, but reversed decision on inline links and remanded the case to the District Court for trial because the District Court had made a decision it shouldn't have made at that stage of the proceedings.
On one of his web sites [1] Kelly says that after failure to reach a settlement, default judgement in his favor was obtained on the remaining issues on March 18, 2004.
"Judgement shall be entered in favor of Plaintiff LESLIE A. KELLY, and individual and d/b/a LES KELLY PUBLICATIONS, LES KELLY ENTERPRISES, and SHOW ME THE GOLD and against Defendant ARRIBA SOFT CORPORATION, aka DITTO.COM in the sum of $345,000.00, plus reasonable attorney's fees in the sum of $6,068.20. s/Gary L. Taylor, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT JUDGE" [2]March 18, 2004.
[edit] Fair use analysis
Each of the courts that reviewed the summary judgment application conducted an analysis of the four factors which are stated in section 107 of the United States Copyright Act. What follows is the analysis done in the revised Ninth Circuit opinion of July 2003.
[edit] Purpose and character of the use.
The use was found to be commercial and transformative, not of the same type as the original work, because the images were not being sold as pictures but rather were to facilitate the identification of the images in the search engine: "This first factor weighs in favor of Arriba due to the public benefit of the search engine and the minimal loss of integrity to Kelly’s images".
[edit] Nature of the copyrighted work.
The pictures are a published creative work available on the internet. A creative work favors a finding of infringement. As a published work, the use is more likely to be fair: "This factor weighs only slightly in favor of Kelly".
[edit] Amount and substantiality of portion used.
The court found this factor to be neutral: "Copying an entire work militates against a finding of fair use ... If the secondary user only copies as much as is necessary for his or her intended use, then this factor will not weigh against him or her ... This factor neither weighs for nor against either party ... It was necessary for Arriba to copy the entire image to allow users to recognize the image and decide whether to pursue more information".
[edit] Effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
This requires considering the effect if the actions were widespread, not solely the effect of the particular user. A transformative work is less likely to have an adverse effect than one which merely supersedes the original: "Arriba’s use of Kelly’s images in its thumbnails does not harm the market for Kelly’s images or the value of his images". The thumbnails would guide people to Kelly's work rather than away from it and the size of the thumbnails makes using them instead of the original unattractive.
[edit] Result of the analysis
"Having considered the four fair use factors and found that two weigh in favor of Arriba, one is neutral, and one weighs slightly in favor of Kelly, we conclude that Arriba’s use of Kelly’s images as thumbnails in its search engine is a fair use."
[edit] Ninth Circuit holds that it is fair use
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The citation is 280 F.3d 934 (CA9 2002).
Owner of copyrighted images displayed on Internet web sites sued operator of visual search engine, which displayed search results as "thumbnail" pictures, for copyright infringement. The United States District Court for the Central District of California, Gary L. Taylor, J., 77 F.Supp.2d 1116, granted summary judgment for search engine operator based on finding of fair use, and owner appealed. On denial of rehearing, and withdrawing and superseding its prior opinion, 280 F.3d 934, the Court of Appeals, T.G. Nelson, Circuit Judge, held that operator's use of owner's images as "thumbnails" in its search engine was fair use.
For other fair use and copyright cases see: List of leading legal cases in copyright law.
[edit] External links
- Court documents from Electronic Frontier Foundation
