Kavalactone
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Kavalactones are the main psychoactive components of the roots of kava, a shrub common on some Pacific Ocean islands.
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[edit] Extraction
The rhizome and roots of the shrub are ground, grated and steeped in water to produce a non-alcoholic drink which is said to promote sociability, mental clarity, and reduction of anxiety (see main kava entry). The quantity and ratio of kavalactones present vary dramatically and are highest when roots are extracted with solvents rather than by conventional tea preparation (but note safety issues; see kava).[1]
[edit] Coumpounds
Until today, 18 different kavalactones have been identified.
[edit] Effects
Effects of kavalactones include mild sedation, a slight numbing of the gums and mouth, and vivid dreams. Kava has been reported to improve cognitive performance and promote a cheerful mood.[2] Muscle relaxant, anaesthetic, anticonvulsive and anxiolytic effects are thought to result from direct interactions of kavalactones with voltage-gated ion channels.[3] Heavy, long-term kava use does not cause any reduction of ability in saccade and cognitive tests.[4]
[edit] Adverse effects
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has warned that very rare cases of liver damage or fulminant liver failure may be caused by kava-containing supplements. However, these injuries might result from pipermethystine[5], an alkaloid present in portions of the plant used industrially but normally discarded in traditional preparations (see kava).
[edit] References
- ^ PMID 15759721
- ^ PMID 15181652
- ^ PMID 12225450
- ^ PMID 12589393
- ^ Pratibha V. Nerurkar et al. (2004): "In Vitro Toxicity of Kava Alkaloid, Pipermethystine, in HepG2 Cells Compared to Kavalactones", Toxicological Sciences 79, 106-111
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