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I n t r o d u c t i o n
Karnātakā pronunciation (help·info) (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: [kəɹnɑːʈəkɑː]) is one of the four southern states of India. The modern state of Karnataka came into existence with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act (1956), with the incorporation of districts under the dominion of Bombay, Hyderabad, Madras State and Coorg within the existing state of Mysore State.
Karnataka's capital, Bangalore, is the capital city of the state with a population of more than 6 million. Other major cities include Mysore, Mangalore, Hubli-Dharwad, Davanagere, Bellary,Hassan, Hospet and Belgaum. Kannada is the official language of the state. Karnataka is the 8th largest Indian state by area and 9th largest by population.
Neolithic habitation and celts dating back to the 2nd century BCE were first discovered in Karnataka in 1872. Megalithic structures and burial grounds were discovered in 1862 in the regions of Kodagu and Moorey Betta hills. By the third century BCE, most of Karnataka was part of the Mauryan Empire, ruled by Emperor Ashoka. In the first millennium CE, Karnataka was ruled by a series of Jain/Vaishnavite/Hindu Dynasties such as the Kadambas, the Ganga Dynasty and the Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas. The Kannada Empire was expanded and consolidated by the Hoysala Empire and further by the Vijayanagara Empire, before the Mughal Conquest in the 18th century.
 The Hoysala Empire (Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ), at their peak throughout the 13th century ruled large parts of southern India. They were in power from about1000 to 1346 CE, with Belur and later Halebidu, Karnataka as their regal capital. The Hoysala Empire is remembered today primarily for its architecture. Over a hundred surviving temples are scattered across Karnataka, the finest examples of which are found in the cities of Belur, Halebidu and Somnathpura. The Hoysala kings were influenced by Jainism and Hinduism. King Vishnuvardhana and his successors were followers of Vaishnavism. Kannada was the native language of the Hoysala Kings. They encouraged both Kannada and Sanskrit literature. The Hoysala era is considered a golden age in the development of art, architecture and religion. Literature in Kannada language in the Vaishnava, Shaiva and Jain traditions flourished. Many great Sanskrit works spanning Advaita, Vishishtadvaita and Dvaita philosophies were written. Three of India's great philosophers, Ramanujacharya, Basavanna and Madhvacharya lived during this time and propounded their philosophy. Architecture in the Vesara or Karnata dravida tradition reached its peak of expression.
The National Highways of India provide a means of long-distance travel and movement of freight. Majority of the 227 national highways are two-laned (one in each direction), and constitute a total of about 58,000 km, of which 4,885 km are median-separated express highways. This roadway map of India provides extensive details of the national highways in India.
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