Karl Leonhard
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Karl Leonhard (born March 21, 1904 in Edelsfeld, Bavaria, Germany; died April 23, 1988 in East Berlin, GDR) was an German psychiatrist, who stood in the tradition of Carl Wernicke and Karl Kleist. As an outstanding achievement he created the most complex classification of psychotic illnesses by nosological criteria known today. His work covered Psychology, Psychotherapy, Biological psychiatry and Biological psychology. Moreover he created a classification of Nonverbal communication.
He was born as the sixth of eleven children, his father being a priest. He completed his medical education in 1928 and started working as a physician at a psychiatric hospital in Erlangen. During the period of the Third Reich in order to save his patients from being killed by means of the T-4 Euthanasia Program, he stopped making diagnoses that would endanger a patient. In particular he stopped making any diagnoses of schizophrenia.
In the post-war period he moved to East Berlin. He wanted to move back to West Germany in the sixties, but was refused the permission by the East German authorities. As compensation he got increased support for his scientific work. During his lifetime he interviewed more than 2000 psychotic patients.
Today diagnosis for psychotic patients and and mentally or otherwise ill persons are most commonly placed by ICD or DSM criteria. Psychosis will in general appear as an affective disorder (e.g. depression), a form of schizophrenia (e.g. catatonic type of schizophrenia) or a schizophrenia-like disorder, like the schizoaffective disorder for example. However the classification of psychosis by Leonhard is much more accurate.
[edit] The Classification of Psychosis by Leonhard
- Clinical Pictures of Phasic Psychoses (without Cycloid Psychoses)
- Manic-Depressive Illness
- Pure Melancholia and Pure Mania
- Pure Melancholia
- Pure Mania
- Pure Depressions and Pure Euphorias
- Pure Depressions
- Agitated Depression
- Hypochondriacal Depression
- Self-Tortured Depression
- Suspicious Depression
- Apatethic Depression
- Pure Euphorias
- Unproductive Euphoria
- Hypochondriacal Euphoria
- Exalted Euphoria
- Confabulatory Euphoria
- Indifferent Euphoria
- Pure Depressions
- The Cycloid Psychosis
- Anxiety-Happiness Psychosis
- Exited-Inhibited Confusion Psychosis
- Hyperkinetic-Akinetic Motility Psychosis
- The Unsystematic Schizophrenias
- Affective Paraphrenia
- Cataphasia (Schizophasia)
- Periodic Catatonia
- The Systematic Schizophrenias
- Simple Systematic Schizophrenias
- Catatonic Forms
- Parakinetic Catatonia
- Manneristic Catatonia
- Proskinetic Catatonia
- Negativistic Catatonia
- Speech-Prompt Catatonia
- Sluggish Catatonia
- Hebephrenic Forms
- Foolish Hebephrenia
- Eccentric Hebephrenia
- Shallow Hebephrenia
- Autistic Hebephrenia
- Paranoid Forms
- Hypochondrical Paraphrenia
- Phonemic Paraphrenia
- Incoherrent Paraphrenia
- Fantastic Paraphrenia
- Confabulatory Paraphrenia
- Expansive Paraphrenia
- Catatonic Forms
- Combined Systematic Schizophrenias
- Combined Systematic Catatonias
- Combined Systematic Hebephrenias
- Combined Systematic Paraphrenias
- Simple Systematic Schizophrenias
- Early Childhood Schizophrenias
[edit] Books
- Classification of Endogenous Psychoses and their Differentiated Etiology, Springer, Vienna, Austria
- Der menschliche Ausdruck in Mimik, Gestik und Phonik, Wuerzburg, Germany