Karakalpak language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Karakalpak Qaraqalpaq tili, Қарақалпақ тілі |
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|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Russia | |
| Region: | Karakalpakstan | |
| Total speakers: | 412,000 (1993) | |
| Language family: | Altaic Turkic Kypchak Kypchak-Nogay Karakalpak |
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| Official status | ||
| Official language of: | Karakalpakstan | |
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | kaa | |
| ISO/FDIS 639-3: | kaa | |
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| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
Karakalpak is a Turkic language mainly spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan), as well as by Kazakhs, Bashkirs and Nogay. Ethnic Karakalpaks who live in the wiloyatlar of Uzbekistan tend to speak local Uzbek dialects.
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[edit] Classification
Karakalpak is a member of the Kypchak Turkic family of languages, which includes Tatar, Kumyk, and Kazakh in addition to Karakalpak. The Kipchak family is a subgroup of the Turkic languages, which most linguists believe to be member of an Altaic language family. Within the Kipchak Turkic family, Karakalpak is most closely related to Kazakh and Nogai. Due to its proximity to the Uzbek language, much of the vocabulary and grammar has an Uzbek influence.
Like Finnish, Hungarian, and Turkish, Karakalpak has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually Subject Object Verb.
[edit] Geographic Distribution
Karakalpak is spoken mainly in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic of Uzbekistan. Approximately 2,000 people in Afghanistan speak Karakalpak and smaller diaspora in other parts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, and other parts of the world speak Karakalpak as well.
[edit] Official Status
Karakalpak has official status in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic.
[edit] Dialects
The Ethnologue identifies two dialects of Karakalpak: Northeastern and Southeastern. Menges mentions a third possible dialect spoken in the Fergana Valley.
[edit] Sounds
[edit] Consonants
Karakalpak has 21 native consonant phonemes and regularly uses 4 non-native phonemes in loan words. Non-native sounds are shown in parentheses.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | g | q | |||||
| Affricate | (ʦ) | (ʧ) | ||||||||||
| Fricative | (f) | (v) | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x | ɣ | h | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||
| Flap/Tap | r | |||||||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||||||
[edit] Vowels
[edit] Vowel Harmony
Vowel harmony functions in Karakalpak much as it does in other Turkic languages. Words borrowed from Russian or other languages may not observe rules of vowel harmony, but the following rules usually apply:
| Vowel | May be followed by: |
|---|---|
| a | a, ɯ |
| æ | e, i |
| e | e, i |
| i | e, i |
| o | a, o, u, ɯ |
| œ | e, i, œ, y |
| u | a, o, u |
| y | e, œ, y |
| ɯ | a, ɯ |
[edit] Vocabulary
[edit] Personal Pronouns
men I, sen you (singular), ol he, she, it, that, biz we, siz you (plural), olar they
[edit] Numbers
bir 1, eki 2, u'sh 3, to'rt 4, bes 5, altı 6, jeti 7, segiz 8, tog'ıs 9, on 10, ju'z 100, mın' 1000
[edit] Writing system
Karakalpak was written in the Arabic alphabet and in Persian until 1928, in the Latin alphabet (with additional characters) from 1928 to 1940, after which the Cyrillic alphabet was introduced. Following Uzbek independence in 1991 the decision was made to drop Cyrillic and to revert to the Latin alphabet. Whilst the use of Latin script is now widespread in Tashkent, its introduction into Karakalpakstan remains gradual. The Cyrillic and Latin alphabets are shown below with their equivalent representations in the IPA. Cyrillic letters with no representation in the Latin alphabet are marked with asterisks.
| Cyrillic | Latin | IPA | Cyrillic | Latin | IPA | Cyrillic | Latin | IPA | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Аа | Aa | a | Ққ | q | Фф | Ff | f | |||
| Әә | A'a' | æ | Лл | Ll | l | Хх | Xx | x | ||
| Бб | Bb | b | Мм | Mm | m | Ҳҳ | Hh | h | ||
| Вв | Vv | v | Нн | Nn | n | Цц* | ts | ʦ | ||
| Гг | Gg | g | Ңң | N'n' | ŋ | Чч* | sh | ʧ | ||
| Ғғ | G'g' | ɣ | Оо | Oo | o | Шш | SHsh | ʃ | ||
| Дд | Dd | d | Өө | O'o' | œ | Щщ* | sh | ʃ | ||
| Ее | Ee | e | Пп | Pp | p | Ъъ* | ||||
| Ёё* | yo | jo | Рр | Rr | r | Ыы | Iı | ɯ | ||
| Жж | Jj | ʒ | Сс | Ss | s | Ьь* | ||||
| Зз | Zz | z | Тт | Tt | t | Ээ | Ee | e | ||
| Ии | İi | i | Уу | Uu | u | Юю* | yu | ju | ||
| Йй | Yy | j | Үү | U'u' | y | Яя | ya | ja | ||
| Кк | Kk | k | Ўў | Ww | w |
[edit] References
Menges, Karl H. (1947). Qaraqałpaq Grammar. Morningside Heights, New York: King's Crown Press.
Johanson, Lars and Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge.
[edit] External links
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| West Turkic | |||
| Bolgar | Bolgar* | Chuvash | Hunnic* | Khazar* | ||
| Chagatay | Aini2| Chagatay* | Ili Turki | Lop | Uyghur | Uzbek | ||
| Kypchak | Baraba | Bashkir | Crimean Tatar1 | Cuman* | Karachay-Balkar | Karaim | Karakalpak | Kazakh | Kipchak* | Krymchak | Kumyk | Nogay | Tatar | Urum1 | ||
| Oghuz | Afshar | Azerbaijani | Crimean Tatar1 | Gagauz | Khorasani Turkish | Ottoman Turkish* | Pecheneg* | Qashqai | Salar | Turkish | Turkmen | Urum1 | ||
| East Turkic | |||
| Khalaj | Khalaj | ||
| Kyrgyz-Kypchak | Altay | Kyrgyz | ||
| Uyghur | Chulym | Dolgan | Fuyü Gïrgïs | Khakas | Northern Altay | Shor | Tofa | Tuvan | Western Yugur | Sakha / Yakut | ||
| Old Turkic* | |||
| Notes: 1 Listed in more than one group, 2 Mixed language, * Extinct | |||
