Karachaganak Field
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Karachaganak Field is a gas condensate field in Kazakhstan. It is located about 150 km east from the city of Uralsk in the northwest of Kazakhstan. The field was once a massive Permian and Carboniferous reef complex covering an area 30 km by 15 km. At its largest point the reservoir contains a gas column 1450 m deep with a 200 m deep oil rim below it. It is estimated to contain 1,200 km³ (42.4 trillion cubic feet (tcf)) of gas and 1 billion tonnes of liquid condensate and oil. Discovered in 1979, it began production under Karachaganckgazprom, a subsidiary of the Russian Gas Company Gazprom. Kazakhgas took over operatorship after the independence of Kazakhstan in 1992. in 1992 AGIP (now ENI) and the then British Gas (now BG Group) were awarded the sole negotiating rights, forming a partnership company. In 1997 Texaco (now Chevron Corporation) and Lukoil signed a production sharing agreement with the original two companies and the Kazakhstan Government. This is a 40-year agreement to develop the field to allow the production to reach world markets. This is done under a partnership company known as Karachaganak Petroleum Operating (KPO) where BG Group and ENI are joint operators with a 32.5% stake each in the company, with Chevron and Lukoil owning 20% and 15% respectively.
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[edit] History
Located in the Uralsk Region of West Kazakhstan. It was discovered in 1979 by a well drilled to investigate a structural high detected during a reinterpretation of 2D seismic shot between 1970 and 1971. Production began in 1984 under the operatorship of Karachaganckgazprom. Limited quantities of gas and condensate were exported to Russia via pipelines and to the processing facilities at Orenburg. On 3 October 2006 Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement to create a joint venture on the basis of Orenburg gas processing plant for processing gas from the Karachaganak field.
[edit] Phase one
This began with three wells penetrating into the Permian formations of the reservoir. Once produced to surface the gas and oil were separated before being piped to Orenburg where further processing was undertaken. This was partially due to the sour nature of the gas, with a hydrogen sulphide content of 3.5-5% and carbon dioxide content of 5%. Karachaganckgazprom also maintained a policy of full gas voidage replacement to maintain pressure of the reservoir above the dew point. By 1990, approximately 200 vertical wells had been drilled in Karachaganak reaching a peak production plateau of 155 bcf/yr (4.4 km³/yr) of gas and 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m³/d) of oil, before beginning to decline in 1992.
[edit] Phase two
Beginning in 2000 under the operatership of Karachaganak Petroleum Operating (KPO), the field went under a redevelopment program. This involved an investment of over US$1 billion dollars into the construction and enhancement of existing facilities, new gas and liquid processing and gas injection facilities, a workover program consisting of 100 existing wells, a 120 MW power station for the facilities, and connection to the Caspian Pipeline Consortium via a 650 km line to Atyrau. This phase was officially completed in 2004, allowing for the production handling of 700 MMscf/d (20,000,000 m³/d) of gas and 200,000 bbl/d (32,000 m³/d) of oil.
[edit] Reservoir properties
| Reservoir pressure | Reservoir temperature | Reservoir porosity | Net/gross ratio | Water saturation | Density of condensate | Average permeability | Top of structure | Gas-oil contact | Oil-water contact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 52–59 MPa | 70 to 95 °C | 9% | 40% | 10% | 47 °API (790 kg/m³) |
2 mD (2 µm²) with high perm streaks | 3500 m | 4950 m | 5150 m |
[edit] Production
In January - June 2005, 6.4 billion m3 of gas was recovered, and 5.7 million tons of liquid hydrocarbons was produced.
Overall, it is planned to recover about 300 million tons of liquid hydrocarbons and 800 billion cub. m of gas during the contract period.
One current production issue facing the field is the increasing amount of gas of which a large amount is sour. As the export facilities of the project are not fully developed most of this gas is being recycled back into the reservoir until it can be exported profitably.
[edit] Field reserves
It is estimated that the Karachaganak field contains 1.236 billion tonnes of liquids and 1.371 trillion cubic metres of gas in place (17.78 billion barrels of oil equivalent).
[edit] Geology
The Karachaganak Field is one of the world's largest gas condensate fields. It is located in the Pre-Caspian (or North Caspian) Basin, which extends from the southeastern margin of the Russian Platform down to the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, and includes the offshore Caspian Sea north of about 44° N. The North Caspian is a pericratonic depression of Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic age. Sediments in the 500,000 km² basin are up to 22 km thick in places. The basin is subdivided into numerous zones by large salt domes, and the primary salt layer, the Permian Kungurian salt, separates strata vertically into subsalt and suprasalt layers. The basin is bounded to the east by the Hercynian Ural Mountains and to the southeast and south by other orogenic belts. In the north, the basin lies on the flank of the Voronezh Massif in the west and the Volga-Ural Platform in the north. Numerous oil and gas fields have been discovered in this region in addition to Karachaganak, such as Astrakhan, Tengiz and Zhanazhol Fields.
The field consists of a heterogeneous carbonate massif with strata from three geologic periods and numerous stages of deposition during these periods. The following have been identified:
Permian: Kungurian, Artinskian, Sakmarian, Asselian
Carboniferous: Serpukhovian, Visean, Tournaisian
The depositional setting of the field is also varied. On the basis of core sample analysis and seismic studies the following depositional settings have been identified: limestone, talus, normal marine, shallow marine, inner reef lagoon, reef core, relatively deep water, slope and anhydrite.
The variation of deposition is due to the long period over which the Karachaganak structure was formed. From the Late Devonian to the middle Carboniferous the field was an atoll, over which in the early Permian a system of reefs were built. At its greatest the reservoir is 1.5 km thick. This type of reservoir structure has been seen in analogous fileds including Kenkiyak, Zhanazhol, Tengiz, and possibly Astrakhan fields. A west-east cross section through Karachaganak resembles the twin humps of a camel, indicating two separate reef highs.
Likewise the large variation of deposition has led to four different types of carbonate cores in the structure: biohermal, biomorphic detrital, organo-clastic, and biochemogenic. Of these biomorphic detrital are the most common followed by biothermal rock types. However estimates of their volumes range from 30-90% for the former and 10-60% for the latter.
[edit] Oil & Gas Migration
As with other reservoirs in the North Caspian (Pricaspian) Basin, it is thought that the Karachaganak reservoir was filled over multiple stages, the first of which began during late Paleozoic time with he formation of oil pools. As the basin began to subside, gas was generated and migrated to the traps. The gassiness of the reservoirs is determined by their location in the basin. Northern reservoirs tend to be wet; the southwest part of the basin is more gas prone than the east and southeast.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- The Giant Karachaganak Field, Unlocking its Potential. Schlumberger Oil Field Review. Retrieved on March 25, 2006.
- Developing Coiled-Tubing Techniques on the Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan. SPE Paper Absract. Retrieved on March 25, 2006.
- KPO Operations. KPO Corporate website. Retrieved on March 25, 2006.
- BG Country Operation. BG Group Corporate website. Retrieved on March 25, 2006.
- Geology and Petroleum Potential of Central Asia. Rice University. Retrieved on March 25, 2006.
- Internet Geology Newsletter No 192. James Clarke. Retrieved on March 25, 2006.
- Reservoir Geology of the Karachaganak Field. A. Giovannelli. Retrieved on April 24, 2006.
