Kamuia

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[edit] Kamuia or Kamuio

Kamuia or Kamuio is the family name used by some members of king Maues or Moga’s family. For example, in the Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions, last name Kamuia has been used after the name of princess Aiyasi (See: inscription no A3) and its modified form Kamuio after the name of her father, Yuvaraja Kharaosta (See: inscriptions no E/E’).

[edit] Etymology of Kamuia

Kamuia or Kamuio of the Lion Capital Inscriptions obviously represents Sanskrit Kamboja or Pali Kambojaka (or Kambojika).

  • The platal j can easily become soft y in Prakritic languages. This is not unusual. The Shabazgarhi Inscriptions of king Ashoka also write Kamboja as Kamboya.
Yona-KamboYa-Gamdharanam Rathikanam Pitinikanam ye va pi Aparamta...................................(Rock Edict No 5/12) (j == > y)
Yona-KamboY.esu......................(Rock Edict 13/9) (j == >y)
(See: Shahbazgarhi Rock Edict No 5 [1] and No 13 [2])
  • The Uttaraadhyana-Sutra (11/16) of Jaina Canon also writes Kamboja as Kamboya. For example see:
jaha se KamboYanam aiynne kanthai sya || (Sutra 11/16) (j == > y)
  • To give few more illustrations, the terms , Javadvipa, SamJogita, SamaJa, Jajman, Jadu, Jogi and GaJni etc are also found written as Yavadvipa, SamYokita, SamaYa Yajman Yadu, Yogi and GaYni where also the platal J has become soft Y.
  • And the cluster mb in Kambojika first transforms to mm and then becomes m in Kharoshthi dialect.

Hence:

KamboJika == > KamboYika (j== >y)
Kamboyika == > kammoyika (mb == >mm)
Kammoyika == > Kamoyika (mm == >m)
Kamoyika == > Kamoika (yi == >i)
  • The penultimate letter k being sandwitched between two vowels gets eliminated in ancient Indo-Aryan languages following a documented procedure as noted by ancient Prakritic Grammarians. According to third century Prakritic Grammarian Acharya Varruchi, the consonants k, g, ch, j, t, d, p etc falling between two vowel sounds usually get elited (See: E. B. Cowel, The Prakrita Prakasha, preface pp ii-iv).

Hence

Kamoika == > Kamoia (k == > 0 i.e zero)
  • Finally, in the Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions, Sodasa, the name of Rajuvula's son is found written as Sudase (See: inscription no C3) [3]. It is noteworthy that the common o in name Sodasa here has been replaced with u in the Lion Capital inscriptions. In a like manner, common o in the name Kamoia (=Kambojika) has also similarly been replaced with u in the same inscriptions, which is understandable.

Hence:

Sodasa == > Sudase (o == >u)
Kamoia == >Kamuia or Kamuio (o == >u)

Or alternatively, Kamuia can straightaway be derived from Iranian Kambujiya as follows:

Kambujiya == > Kambujia (Jiya == > Jia)
Kambujia == > Kambuyia (J == > y)
Kambuia == > Kamuia (mb == > mm==> m)

remembering that Sanskrit Kamboja (q.v.) appears as K.b.u.ji.i.y, Kabujiya or perhaps Kabaujiya and Kambujiya or perhaps Kambaujiya ( OR with -n- in place of -m- as Kanbujiya or Kanbaujiya) of Old Persian inscriptions, and Cambyses of Greek writings. The same name appears as C-n-b-n-z-y in Aramaic, Kambuzia in Assyrian, Kambythet in Egyptian, Kam-bu-zi-ya or Ka-am-bu-zi-ya in Akkadian, Kan-bu-zi-ia or Kan-bu-si-ya in Elamite, and Kanpuziya in Susian language (cf: Ancient Kamboja in Iran and Islam, p 69, Dr H. W. Bailey). It appears to have been quite a popular name among the ancient Iranians, of whom the ancient Kambojas are said to have formed a clan.

[edit] Some noted scholars on Kamuia

Dr Sten Konow: If we bear in mind that mb becomes m i.e mm in the dialect of Kharoshthi dhammapada, and that u is used for the common o in Sudasa in the Lion Capital Inscriptions, the Kamuia can very well represent a Sanskrit Kambojika (See: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol II, Part I, p xxxvi; see also p 36, Dr Sten Konow).

Dr K. P. Jayswal: Dr Konow's recognition of Kamuia, occurring in Lion Capital Inscriptions of Mathura as = Kambojika is convincing" (See: Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society, Vol XVI, 1930, Part III, IV, p 229, Dr K. P. Jayswal).

Dr R. K. Mukerjee: Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions refer to names of several persons like Aiyasi Kamuia or Kambojaka, the chief queen of Rajuvula. She was the daughter of Yuvaraja Kharaosta, the heir-apparent to the position of king of kings after Moga. Kharaosta has also been addressed as Kamuio or Kambojaka. Kharaostas was son of king Moga's brother Arta, as is clear from his own coins (Ref: Ancient India, 1956, pp 220-21, Dr R. K. Mukerjee).

Further Dr Buddha Parkash, Dr K. A. Nilkantha Sastri, Dr U. R. Tiwari and several others have also accepted the recognition of Lion Capital Kamuia/Kamuio with Sanskrit Kamboja (cf also: Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 394, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; See also: Ancient Kamboja in Iran and Islam, p 69, Dr H. W. Bailey)

[edit] Ptolemian Komoi

In Ptolemy's Geography, Komoi is the name of a people living to the north of Bactria (J. McCrindle, Ancient India, Trans & Edit: Dr Majumdar, p 268). This probably referred to the Kamboj people living in the Doab of rivers Oxus and Jaxartes in Central Asia. It is very important to note that with reference to the location of Kambojas, the ancient commentator on Bana Bhatta's seventh century creation, Harsha-Carita, also remarks: Kambojah Bahlika-desajaha i.e the Kambojas originate in Bahlika Desa (Bactria) (See: Ancient Kamboja in Islam and Iran 1971, p 66, quoted by Dr H. W. Bailey).

[edit] Modern Kamo or Kamoi

In modern times, sometimes, the standard ancient term Kamboja is also found written/spoken in its highly prakrtised/vulgo form as Kamo or Kamoi, especially among the illiterate circles of Panjab population (e.g. Panth Parkash, Bhaasha Vibhaag, 1970, pp 531-32, 737, Gyani Gyan Singh).

[edit] See also

Kamboja
Kambojas
Aiyasi Kamuia
Kharaosta Kamuio
Arta Kamuia
Maues
Mathura Lion Capital

[edit] External links

[edit] References

  • Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol II, part I, Dr Sten Konow
  • Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research society, Vol XVI, 1930, parts III, IV, Dr K. P. Jayswal
  • Ancient India, 1956, Dr R. K. Mukerjee
  • Comprehensive History of India, 1957, Vol II, Dr K. A. Nilkantha Shastri
  • Ancient Kamboja People & Country, 1981, Dr J. L. Kamboj
  • Tarikh-i-Qaum Kamboh, 1996, Chaudhury Muhammad Hasan
  • The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, S Kirpal Singh
  • The Prakrita Prakasha, Acharya Varruchi Trans: E. B. Cowel
  • India and the World, 1964, Dr Buddha Parkash
  • Sculptures of Mathura and Sarnath, 2002, Usha Rani Tiwari (br)
  • Female Images in the Museums of U.P. and their Social Background, P. Upadhyava
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