K'iche' language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For other uses, see Quiché (disambiguation).
| Quiché K'iche' |
||
|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation: | IPA: /kʼiʧeʔ/ | |
| Spoken in: | Guatemala | |
| Region: | Central highlands | |
| Total speakers: | approx. 1,000,000 | |
| Language family: | Mayan Quichean-Mamean Greater Quichean Quichean Quiché-Achi Quiché |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | myn | |
| ISO/FDIS 639-3: | variously: quc — Central Quiché cun — Cunén Quiché quu — Eastern Quiché quj — Joyabaj Quiché qxi — San Andrés Quiché qut — West Central Quiché |
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| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
The K'iche' language (Quiché in Spanish) is a part of the Mayan language family. It is spoken by many K'iche' people in the central highlands of Guatemala. With close to a million speakers (some 7% of Guatemala's population), it is the second most widely spoken language in the country after Spanish. Most speakers of K'iche' also have at least a working knowledge of Spanish except in some isolated rural villages.
There is substantial dialectal variation, and the main dialects are sometimes considered to be separate languages. Most speakers use Central K'iche', which is the most commonly used in the media and education. Other dialects include West Central K'iche', San Andrés Quiché, Joyabaj K'iche', Eastern K'iche', Nahualá K'iche' and Cunén K'iche'. Although it has no official status in Guatemala and the first-language literacy rate is low, K'iche' is increasingly taught in schools and used on radio.
The most famous work in the Classical Quiché language is the Popol Vuh (Popol Wuj in modern spelling).
Contents |
[edit] Phonology
[edit] Vowels
| [a] | open front unrounded vowel | a |
| [ə] | mid centre unrounded vowel | ä |
| [ɛ] | close-mid front unrounded vowel | e |
| [i] | close front unrounded vowel | i |
| [o] | close-mid back rounded vowel | o |
| [u] | close back rounded vowel | u |
[edit] Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | implosive | plain | ejective | plain | ejective | plain | ejective | plain | ejective | plain | ||
| Stops | p [p] | b' [ɓ] | t [t] | t' [t'] | k [k] | k' [k'] | q [q] | q' [q'] | ' [ʔ] | |||
| Affricates | ts [ʦ] | ts' [ʦ’] | ch [ʧʰ] | ch' [ʧ’] | ||||||||
| Fricatives | s [s] | x [ʃ] | j [X] | h [h] | ||||||||
| Nasals | m [m] | n [n] | nh [ŋ] | |||||||||
| Liquids | l [l] r [r] | |||||||||||
| Glides | y [j] | w [w] | ||||||||||
[edit] Orthography
Historically different orthographies have been used to transliterate the K'iche' language. The classic orthography of Father Ximénez who wrote down the Popol Wuj is based on the Spanish orthography and has been replaced by a new standardized orthography defined by the ALMG (Academia de las Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala). Ethnohistorian and Mayanist Dennis Tedlock uses his own transliteration system completely different from any of the established orthographies, but this system will not be given here.
| The first line of Popol Wuj in different orthographies: | |
| Ximénez classical orthography | Are v xe tzíh varal Quíche ubí. |
| ALMG orthography | Are’ uxe’ ojer tzij waral K’iche’ ub’i’. |
| (Ximénez Spanish translation) | Este es el principio de las antíguas hístorías aquí en el quiché. |
| (Tedlocks English translation) | "This is the beginning of the ancient word, here in the place called Quiché." |
[edit] Syntax and morphology
Quiché uses subject-verb-object (SVO) order, unlike most Mayan languages, which are verb-initial. Variation in word order is not uncommon, and some modern speakers do also use VSO order.
[edit] Dialects
The Nahualá dialect of K'iche' shows some differences from other K'iche' dialects: Nahualá’s local dialect preserves an ancient Proto-Mayan distinction between five long vowels (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu) and five short vowels (a, e, i, o , u). It is for this conservative linguistic feature that Guatemalan and foreign linguists have actively sought to have the language called "K'ichee'," rather than K'iche' or Quiché.
Unlike the most prominent K'ichee' dialects, the Nahualá dialect of K'ichee' also has a phoneme /h/ and a phoneme /N/, both of which occur only at the ends of words, almost exclusively after short vowels. Linguists have established firmly that the /h/ is a reflex of a proto-Mayan */h/. Linguists have not thoroughly investigated the origin of the /N/ phoneme, which occurs only in a few words.
[edit] References
- Munro S. Edmonson, Quiche-English Dictionary. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, publ. no. 30 (1965).
- James L. Mondloch, Basic Quiche Grammar. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, University at Albany, The State University of New York, publ. no. 2 (1978).
- Abraham García-Hernández, Santiago Yac Sam, and David Henne Pontius, Diccionario Quiché-Español. Instituto Linguistico de Verano, Guatemala (1980).
- Dennis Tedlock, Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. Touchstone Books (1996). ISBN 0684818450.
- Sam Colop, Popol Wuj — Versión Poética K‘iche‘. PEMBI/GTZ/Cholsamaj, Guatemala (1999). (In the Quiché Maya language).
- Oxlajuuj Keej Maya' Ajtz'iib' (OKMA), Ujunamaxiik ri K'ichee' Ch'ab'al, Variación Dialectal en K'ichee'. Cholsamaj, Guatemala City (2000). ISBN 99922-53-07-X
