Joseph Nasi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Don Joseph Nasi (or Nassi; also known as João Miquez in a Portuguese variant, and as Yasef Nassi in Ottoman Turkish; 1524—1579) was a Jewish diplomat and administrator, member of the House of Mendes, and influential figure in the Ottoman Empire during the rules of both Sultan Suleiman I and his son Selim II.

A Court Jew,[1] he was appointed the Lord of Tiberias,[2] with the expressed aim of resettling Jews in Palestine and encouraging industry there; the attempt failed, and, later, he was appointed the Duke of Naxos and the Seven Islands.[3] Nasi also brought about war with the Republic of Venice, at the end of which Venice lost the island of Cyprus to the Ottomans. After the death of Selim, he lost influence in the Ottoman Court, but was allowed to keep his titles and pension for the remainder of his life.

Contents

[edit] Early life

Nasi was born in Spain as a Marrano (practicing Judaism in secret), and was a friend of Maximilian, nephew of the Habsburg King Charles I of Spain.[4] He escaped to Portugal after Charles decided to confiscate the Mendes fortune,[5] and, after the Holy Inquisition began operating against Portuguese Marranos, moved to Antwerp, in the Habsburg Netherlands, with his aunt, Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi. He studied at the University of Louvain,[6] but had to flee the Inquisition in 1547.[7] He then moved to France and later to Venice, before finally leaving for the Ottoman realm in 1554.[8]

[edit] Ottoman Court

When he arrived in Istanbul, Nasi made a fortunate decision in supporting the future sultan Selim, against his rival Bayezid II; as a result, he was favored by the Porte, and eventually became high ranking diplomat and minister.[9]

Due to his trading connections in Europe, he was able to exercise great influence on Ottoman foreign policy.[10] Among his achievements were negotiating peace with Poland, and influencing the new election of the Polish king. He was awarded the monopoly of the beeswax trade with Poland, and of the wine trade with Moldavia, and maneuvered in the latter country to maintain on the throne princes favourable to his policies: in 1561, Nasi backed Ioan Iacob Heraclid to rule as despot, supported Alexandru Lăpuşneanu's return to the throne in place of Ştefan Tomşa (1564), and ultimately endorsed Ion Vodă cel Cumplit (1572);[11] he was himself considered a suitable choice for hospodar of either Moldavia or Wallachia in 1571, but Selim II rejected the proposal.[12]

During the war between the Ottomans and the Republic of Venice, Nasi's negotiations with the Jewish community in Venetian-ruled Cyprus were uncovered, and, as a result, the Jewish population of Famagusta (with the exception of Jews who were natives of the city) was expelled in June 1568 (see History of the Jews in Cyprus).[13] His relative Abraham Beneviste (Righetto Marrano) was arrested in 1570, on charges of having set fire to the Venetian Arsenal on Nasi's instigation.[14]

Maintaining contacts with William the Silent,[15] Nasi encouraged the Netherlands to revolt against Spain, a major adversary of the Ottoman Empire (the rebellion was ultimately carried out by the Union of Utrecht, as the start of the Eighty Years' War).[16] For this and other achievements, he was appointed by Selim to become the Duke of Naxos; he also later became the Count of Andros. Represented locally by one Francesco Coronello,[17] Nasi mainly ruled the Duchy from his palace of Belvedere, where he also maintained his own Hebrew printing press (kept by his wife and cousin, Doña Reyna, after Joseph's death).

[edit] Settling Tiberias

Joseph Nasi is best known to history for his attempt to resettle the towns of Tiberias and Safed in 1561.[18] He was the first person to attempt to restore a Jewish Palestine by practical means, as opposed to waiting for the Messiah.[19]

Nasi secured a grant giving ruling authority from the Sultan, and, with the assistance of Joseph ben Adruth,[20] rebuilt the walls and the town. He also attempted to turn it into a textile (silk) center by planting mulberry trees and encouraging craftsmen to move there.[21] Arrangements were made for Jews to move from the Papal States, but, when the Ottomans and the Republic of Venice went to war, the plan was abandoned.[22]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Hillgarth, p.171
  2. ^ Pasachoff & Littman, p.163
  3. ^ Freely, p.168
  4. ^ Pasachoff & Littman, p.162
  5. ^ Pasachoff & Littman, p.162
  6. ^ Pasachoff & Littman, p.162
  7. ^ Pasachoff & Littman, p.162
  8. ^ Pasachoff & Littman, p.162
  9. ^ Pasachoff & Littman, p.162
  10. ^ Pasachoff & Littman, p.163
  11. ^ Rezachevici, p.61
  12. ^ Rezachevici, p.61
  13. ^ Urman & McCracken Flesher, p.62
  14. ^ Urman & McCracken Flesher, p.63
  15. ^ Bulut, p.112
  16. ^ Bulut, p.112; Hillgarth, p.171; Pasachoff & Littman, p.162
  17. ^ Freely, p.168
  18. ^ Gordon, p.209; Stillman, p.52
  19. ^ Stillman, p.52
  20. ^ Gordon, p.209
  21. ^ Gordon, p.209
  22. ^ Gordon, p.209; Stillman, p.52

[edit] References

  • Mehmet Bulut, Ottoman-Dutch Economic Relations in the Early Modern Period 1571-1699, Hilversum, Uitgeverij Verloren, 2001
  • John Freely, The Cyclades, London, I.B. Tauris, 2006
  • Benjamin Lee Gordon, New Judea: Jewish Life in Modern Palestine and Egypt, Manchester, New Hampshire, Ayer Publishing, 1977
  • Jocelyn Nigel Hillgarth, The Mirror of Spain, 1500-1700, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2000
  • Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littman, A Concise History of the Jewish People, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005
  • Constantin Rezachevici, "Evreii în ţările române în evul mediu", in Magazin Istoric, September 1995, p.59-62
  • Cecil Roth, A Bird's Eye History of the World, New York City, Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1954
  • Norman A. Stillman, Sephardi Religious Responses to Modernity, London, Routledge, 1995
  • Dan Urman, Paul Virgil McCracken Flesher, Ancient Synagogues: Historical Analysis and Archaeological Data, Leiden, Brill Academic Publishers, 1995

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../j/o/s/Joseph_Nasi_b4b1.html"
In other languages