José Maria Eça de Queiroz
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José Maria Eça de Queirós or Queiroz (pron. IPA ['ɛsɐ dɨ kei'ɾɔʃ] or [kɐi'ɾɔʃ]) (November 25, 1845 - August 16, 1900) is generally considered to be the greatest Portuguese writer in the realist style, and one of the great figures of European 19th century fiction. Zola considered him to be far greater than Flaubert. Others rank him with Dickens, Balzac and Tolstoy. Eça never officially rejected Catholicism, but was very critical of the Catholic Church of his time, as is evident in his novels.
He used the old-fashioned spelling "Eça de Queiroz" and this is the form that appears on many editions of his works; the modern standard Portuguese spelling is "Eça de Queirós".
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[edit] Biography
Eça de Queirós was born in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, in 1845. An illegitimate child, he was officially recorded as the son of judge Teixeira de Queiroz and of an unknown mother. Teixeira de Queiroz soon afterwards married Carolina Augusta Pereira d'Eça, and it has been suggested that in reality the boy was her son by an unknown father.
At age 16 he went to Coimbra to study law at the University of Coimbra; there he met the poet Antero de Quental. Eça's first work was a series of prose poems, published in the Gazeta de Portugal magazine, which eventually appeared in book form in a posthumous collection edited by Batalha Reis entitled Prosas Bárbaras ("Barbarous texts"). He worked as a journalist at Évora, then returned to Lisbon and, with his former school friend Ramalho Ortigão and others, created the Correspondence of the fictional adventurer Fradique Mendes. This amusing work was first published in 1900.
In 1869 and 1870, Eça de Queirós travelled to Egypt and watched the opening of the Suez Canal, which inspired several of his works, most notably O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra ("The Mystery of the Sintra Road", 1870), written in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigão, in which Fradique Mendes appears. A Relíquia ("The Relic") was also written at this period but was published only in 1887. When he was later dispatched to Leiria to work as a municipal administrator, Eça de Queirós wrote his first realist novel, O Crime do Padre Amaro ("The Sin of Father Amaro"), which is set in the city and first appeared in 1875.
Eça then worked in the Portuguese consular service and after two years' service at Havana was stationed at 53 Grey Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, from late 1874 until April 1879. His diplomatic duties involved the dispatch of detailed reports to the Portuguese foreign office concerning the unrest in the Northumberland and Durham coalfields - in which, as he points out, the miners earned twice as much as those in South Wales, along with free housing and a weekly supply of coal. The Newcastle years were among the most productive of his literary career. He published the second version of O Crime de Padre Amaro in 1876 and another celebrated novel, O Primo Basílio ("Cousin Basílio") in 1878, as well as working on a number of other projects. These included the first of his "Cartas de Londres" ("Letters from London") which were printed in the Lisbon daily newspaper Diário de Notícias and afterwards appeared in book form as Cartas de Inglaterra. As early as 1878 he had at least given a name to his masterpiece Os Maias ("The Maias"), though this was largely written during his later residence in Bristol and was published only in 1888. There is a plaque to Eça in that city and another was unveiled in Grey Street, Newcastle, in 2001 by the Portuguese ambassador.
Eça, a cosmopolite widely read in English literature, was not enamoured of English society, but he was fascinated by its oddity. In Bristol he wrote: "Everything about this society is disagreeable to me - from its limited way of thinking to its indecent manner of cooking vegetables." As often happens when a writer is unhappy, the weather is endlessly bad. Nevertheless, he was rarely bored and was content to stay in England for some fifteen years. "I detest England, but this does not stop me from declaring that as a thinking nation, she is probably the foremost." It may be said that England acted as a constant stimulus and a corrective to Eça’s traditionally Portuguese francophilia.
In 1888 he became Portuguese consul-general in Paris. He lived at Neuilly-sur-Seine and continued to write journalism (Ecos de Paris, "Echos from Paris") as well as literary criticism. He died in 1900 of tuberculosis.
His works have been translated into about 20 languages, including English.
English versions of four of his major novels, translated by Margaret Jull Costa, have recently been published in the UK by Dedalus.
[edit] Works by Eça de Queiroz
- A Capital ("Capital")
- A Cidade e as Serras ("The City and the Mountains", 1901)
- A Ilustre Casa de Ramires ("The Noble House of Ramires", 1900)
- A Relíquia ("The Relic", 1887)
- A Tragédia da Rua das Flores ("The Rua das Flores Tragedy")
- Alves & C.a ("Alves & Co.", 1925)
- As Minas de Salomão, a reworking of H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines
- Cartas de Inglaterra ("Letters from England")
- Cartas Familiares e Bilhetes de Paris ("Family Letters and Notes from Paris")
- Contos ("Stories")
- Correspondência de Fradique Mendes ("Correspondence of Fradique Mendes", 1900)
- Ecos de Paris ("Echos from Paris")
- Notas Contemporâneas ("Contemporary Notes")
- O Conde d'Abranhos ("Count d'Abranhos")
- O Crime do Padre Amaro ("The Sin of Father Amaro", 1875, revised 1876, revised 1880)
- O Egipto ("Egypt", 1926)
- O Mandarim ("The Mandarin", 1889)
- O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra ("The Mystery of the Sintra Road", 1870, in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigão)
- O Primo Basílio ("Cousin Basílio", 1878)
- Os Maias ("The Maias", 1888)
- Prosas Bárbaras ("Barbarous Texts", 1903)
- Últimas páginas ("Last Pages")
- Uma Campanha Alegre ("A Cheerful Campaigns")
[edit] Periodicals to which Eça de Queiroz contributed
- Gazeta de Portugal
- As Farpas ("Barbs")
- Diário de Notícias
[edit] Adaptations
For fuller details follow the links to each novel.
There have been two film versions of O Crime do Padre Amaro, a Mexican one in 2002 and a low quality made-for-television Portuguese version in 2005. Eça's works have been also adapted on Brazilian television. In 1988 Rede Globo produced O Primo Basílio in 35 episodes. In 2001 Rede Globo produced an acclaimed adaptation of Os Maias as a television serial in 40 episodes. It played to very low audiences.
