John Wheeler-Bennett

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Sir John Wheeler Wheeler-Bennett, GCVO, CMG, OBE, FBA, FRSL was a conservative English historian of German and diplomatic history, and the official biographer of King George VI.

Perhaps Wheeler-Bennett's most tragic flaws were his pleasure at the murders of members of the German Resistance by the Gestapo and the SS, as well as his early trust in Adolf Hitler, which led to Wheeler-Bennett's claim that "Hitler, I am convinced, does not want a war" and description of Hitler as "the most moderate member of his party."

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[edit] Early career

Wheeler-Bennett was born in Keston, Kent, the son of a wealthy importer on 13 October 1902. He was educated at a school in Westgate on Sea and Malvern College. He did not regard his youth as a happy one. In the 1920s, Wheeler-Bennett worked as an aide to General Sir Neil Malcolm, whom Wheeler-Bennett worked with in the Middle East and Berlin.

After leaving Malcom's employ, Wheeler-Bennett served in the publicity department of the League of Nations in 1923-1924 in Geneva. Afterwards, Wheeler-Bennett worked as the director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs's information department. In particular, Wheeler-Bennett worked as the editor of the Bulletin of International News between 1924-1932.

[edit] Wheeler-Bennett and pre-war Nazi Germany

He lived in Germany between 1927-1934 and witnessed first-hand the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Nazi Germany. Throughout his life, Wheeler-Bennett was to have a love-hate relationship with the Germans. During his time living in Berlin, he enjoyed some success as a horse-breeder. During this period, he became an unofficial agent and advisor to London on international events.

In 1933, Wheeler-Bennett told the Royal Institute of International Affairs that:

"Hitler, I am convinced, does not want a war. He is susceptible to reason in matters of foreign policy. He is greatly anxious to make Germany self-respecting and is himself anxious to be respectable. He may be described as the most moderate member of his party." (International Affairs, May 1933, pp 318-9)

Wheeler-Bennet's biography of Paul von Hindenburg created his reputation as a historian. Another great success was The Forgotten Peace, a study of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This is still regarded as the standard historical study of the subject.

After the Second World War, Wheeler-Bennett was a critic of Appeasement and 10 years after the Munich Agreement wrote a book condemning it.

In the pre-1939 period, Wheeler-Bennett befriended or was at least on speaking terms with a number of well-known people all over Europe. Some of the people he had some contact with included Heinrich Brüning, Basil Liddell Hart, Franz von Papen, John Buchan, Carl Friedrich Goerdeler,Leon Trotsky, Hans von Seeckt, Max Hoffmann, Lewis Bernstein Namier, Benito Mussolini, Bruce Lockhart, Karl Radek, Sir Robert Gilbert Vansittart, Kurt von Schleicher, Sir Isaiah Berlin, Tomáš Masaryk, Engelbert Dollfuss, the former Kaiser Wilhelm II, Adam von Trott zu Solz, Louis Barthou, Lord Lothian, Winston Churchill, and Dr. Edvard Beneš.

[edit] Wartime and post-war career as a government official

In 1939, he went to the United States to serve as a lecturer on international relations at the University of Virginia. Wheeler-Bennett was strongly pro-American and always considered the American South to be his favorite part of the American republic.

From 1940 onwards, he worked with the British Information Service in New York City, an agency charged with trying to persuade the United States to enter the war on the Allied side. Whilst here, he was a supporter of the German Resistance to Hitler and became friendly with Adam von Trott zu Solz.

Starting in 1942, Wheeler-Bennett worked in the Political Warfare department of the British Foreign Office in London. After he joined the Foreign Office, he switched to being an opponent of the resistance, his change being described by the biographer Anthony Howard, in the New Statesman, as "one of the most nimble political somersaults the corridors of power can ever have seen". Wheeler-Bennett gained his reward, being promoted to the Assistant Director General of Political Intelligence Department before going on to serve in the Political Adviser's Department in SHAEF in 1944-1945. In 1945-1946, Wheeler-Bennett assisted the British Prosecution at the Nuremberg Trials.

[edit] Wheeler-Bennett's views on the German Resistance

Wheeler-Bennett's judgements on the July 20 Plot were influenced by the bitter private hatred he had towards those who took part in the German Resistance, which he tried to conceal in public, and which led him to praise the murders of members of the resistance at the hands of the Nazi regime. As a member of the Foreign Office Political Intelligence Department, he wrote on 25 July 1944 that:

"It may now be said with some definiteness that we are better off with things as they are today than if the plot of July 20th had succeeded and Hitler had been assassinated... By the failure of the plot we have been spared the embarrassments, both at home and in the United States, which might have resulted from such a move, and, moreover, the present purge [by the Gestapo] is presumably removing from the scene numerous individuals which might have caused us difficulty, not only had the plot succeeded, but also after the defeat of Nazi Germany... The Gestapo and the SS have done us an appreciable service in removing a selection of those who would undoubtedly have posed as 'good' Germans after the war... It is to our advantage therefore that the purge should continue, since the killing of Germans by Germans will save us from future embarrassment of many kinds." (British National Archives file FO 371/39062)

More people were killed in the Second World War in the months after the failure of the July 20 Plot than had been killed in the years beforehand.

Wheeler-Bennett's views on Germany and the German Resistance caused unease to some of his wartime colleagues, an internal February 1944 paper of his being condemned by Professor Thomas Marshall - of the Foreign Office Research Department - as a "vitriolic little paper" and "hardly worthy of its distinguished author." (British National Archives file FO 371/39137)

After the Second World War, he was the British editor-in-chief of the German Foreign Ministry's archives and oversaw the early publications of the German Documents on Foreign Affairs from 1946-1948. From 1948-1956, he served as the Historical Adviser to the Foreign Office Project for publishing the German Foreign Ministry Archives. In these roles, he did his best to suppress any material which was embarrassing either for him personally, or for the Foreign Office. He was particularly sensitive to papers mentioning British contacts with the resistance, or containing any evidence that resistance members saw their actions as required by their sense of ethics or morality.

[edit] Post-1945 career

In 1945, Wheeler-Bennett married an American woman named Ruth Risher and settled after the war in a country house at Garsington, United Kingdom. Despite his lack of university education and his status as a self-proclaimed amateur historian, Wheeler-Bennett was hired to teach International Relations at St. Antony's College and at New College at Oxford University after World War II from 1946-1950.

He was appointed as official biographer of King George VI, after the King's death in 1952, producing a biography which appeared in 1958. This has not been well-regarded amongst historians. David Cannadine in History In Our Time, for example, variously described Wheeler-Bennett's book as "courtly and obsequious," the history "of an icon rather than of an individual," and a "sanitised sarcophagus."

[edit] The Nemesis of Power

Wheeler-Bennett was best known for The Nemesis of Power which documented the German Army's disastrous efforts at playing politics and reiterated Wheeler-Bennet's hostile views on the German Resistance. Foreign Office files, now in the British National Archives, reveal that Wheeler-Bennett attempted to prevent access, by other historians, to papers which did not support the views he expressed in The Nemesis of Power.

His thesis was that under von Seeckt's leadership during the Weimar period, the Reichswehr formed a "State within the State" that largely preserved its autonomy from the politicians in Berlin, but that it did not, however, play an active role in day-to-day politics.

After Seeckt's downfall in 1926, which had been engineered by Schleicher, the Reichswehr became increasingly engaged in political intrigues. In Wheeler-Bennett's view, Schleicher was the "Gravedigger of the Weimar Republic" who succeeded in undermining democracy, but failed completely to build any sort of stable structure in its place. Thus by a mixture of cunning, intrigue and inept maneuvers, Schleicher inadvertently paved the way for Adolf Hitler.

In the revised 1964 edition of The Nemesis of Power, Wheeler-Bennett continued his story right up to the July 20 Plot of 1944. He contended that under the leadership of Werner von Blomberg and Werner von Fritsch, the German Army chose to acquiesce in the Nazi regime as the kind of government best able to achieve what the Army wanted; namely a militarized society that would ensure in the next war that there would be no repeat of the “stab in the back”. Unusually, given his liking for mentioning the names of people he knew, Wheeler-Bennett carefully avoided all mention, in Nemesis of Power, of any evidence derived from his own contacts with and pre-1942 support of the German Resistance.

By agreeing to support the Nazi dictatorship, the Army tolerated a regime that quietly and gradually dismantled the “State within the state”. After Blomberg's and Fritsch's fall in 1938, the Army increasing became just a tool of the Nazi regime rather than the independent actor that it had been before. Wheeler-Bennett in the book acknowledged the courage of men such as Claus von Stauffenberg, despite his private pleasure in the murder of such people. Overall, he concluded that the conservative opposition within the Wehrmacht had done too little, too late to overthrow the Nazis.

[edit] Wheeler-Bennett's final decades

An Anglican, he enjoyed his life in the English countryside. From 1959 until his death, he worked as the Historical Adviser for the Royal Archives. He became founding chairman of the Ditchley Foundation, the Anglo-American conference group, in 1958. In 1972, he was elected to the British Academy.

An intelligent, shy man who talked with a strong stammer, Wheeler-Bennett was a mixture of the romantic and the practical, which was very much reflected in his historical writings. He was a follower of the Great Man school of history and his writings usually explained historical events in terms of the leading personalities of the period under study. This view of history together with his own right-wing outlook led him to make Churchill the principal hero of his writings.

Sir John Wheeler-Bennett died of cancer in London on 9 December 1975, aged 73.

He was very well known in his lifetime and his interpretation of the role of the German Army influenced some British historians. However, he is largely forgotten today.

[edit] References

  • Cull, Nicholas Selling War : The British Propaganda Against American "Neutrality" In World War II, New York : Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Roberts, Frank (editor) Obituaries From The Times 1971-1975, Meckler Books, 1978.
  • Foreign Office files in the British National Archives

[edit] Work

  • Information On The Reduction Of Armaments, with an introduction by Major-General Sir Neil L. Malcolm, 1925.
  • Information On The Renunciation Of War, 1927-1928 with an introduction by Philip H. Kerr, 1928.
  • The Wreck Of Reparations, Being The Political Background Of The Lausanne Agreement, 1932, 1932.
  • Disarmament And Security Since Locarno 1925-1931; Being The Political And Technical Background Of The General Diarmament Conference, 1932, 1933.
  • Hindenburg: The Wooden Titan, 1936.
  • Brest-Litovsk : The Forgotten Peace, March 1918, 1938.
  • Munich : Prologue To Tragedy, 1948.
  • The Nemesis Of Power : The German Army In Politics, 1918-1945, 1953, revised edition 1964.
  • King George VI, His Life And Reign, 1958.
  • John Anderson, Viscount Waverley, 1962.
  • A Wreath To Clio: Studies In British, American and German Affairs, 1967.
  • Action This Day; Working With Churchill. Memoirs by Lord Norman Brook (And Others), edited with an introduction by Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, 1968.
  • The Pipe Dream Of Peace; The Story Of The Collapse Of Disarmament, 1971.
  • The Semblance Of Peace : The Political Settlement After The Second World War, co-written by J. Wheeler-Bennett and Anthony Nicholls, 1972.
  • The History Makers; Leaders And Statesmen Of The 20th century, edited by Lord Longford & Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Chronologies and editorial assistance by Christine Nicholls, 1973.
  • Knaves, Fools And Heroes In Europe Between The Wars, 1974.
  • Special Relationships : America In Peace And War, 1975.
  • Friends, Enemies, And Sovereigns, 1976
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