John Shaw Billings

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John Shaw Billings (born April 12, 1838 in Switzerland county, Indiana; died March 11, 1913 in New York City) was a librarian and surgeon best known as the "father" of the United States Public Health Service and as the creator of the New York Public Library.

Billings graduated from Miami University in 1857, and from the Medical College of Ohio in 1860. He was medical inspector of the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War, then became head of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office in Washington D.C.. The Surgeon General's library that he developed later became the core of the National Library of Medicine.

He was also for some years professor of hygiene in the University of Pennsylvania. He is also credited with designing the original buildings of The Johns Hopkins Hospital, which opened in 1889. The building with the hospital's trademark dome was subsequently named for Billings.

He also united the libraries of New York to form the New York Public Library and it was Billings who inspired Andrew Carnegie to provide funds for the construction of sixty-five branch libraries throughout New York and 2509 libraries in cities and towns across America.

Dr. Billings was the senior editor of books reporting the work of the Committee of Fifty to Investigate the Liquor Problem in the early 1900s. The Committee researched the activities and publications of the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).

He acted as supervisor for the U.S. Census 1880 and 1890.

He often collaborated with Herman Hollerith

[edit] Publications

Principles of Ventilation and Heating, (1884)
Mortality and Vital Statistics of the United States, (1885)
National Medical Dictionary, (two volumes, 1889)
Description of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, (1890)
Social Statistics of Cities, (six volumes, for the Eleventh Census)
Some Library Problems of Tomorrow, (1902)
Physiological Aspects of the Liquor Problem, (1903)

Lydenberg (Lydenberg, 1924) lists 22 publications by John Shaw Billings.

[edit] See Also

Lydenberg, Harry Miller (1924). John Shaw Billings: Creator of the National Medical Library and its Catalogue, First Director of the New York Public Library. American Library Association.

Lydenberg (1924) lists the following two publications:

Fielding, H. Garrison (1915). John Shaw Billings: A Memoir. Putnam's.
Hasse, Adelaide R.. Bibliography of the Writings of John Shaw Billings, 1861-1913. (Garrison's Memoir, p. 411-422)