John Hunter (surgeon)
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John Hunter (February 13, 1728 - October 16, 1793) was a Scottish surgeon regarded as one of the most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day. He was an early advocate of the application of rigorous scientific experimentation in medicine.
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[edit] Biography
Hunter was born at Long Calderwood near East Kilbride, the youngest of 10 children. An older brother was William Hunter, the anatomist. From 1748 he studied, taught and practiced in London (initially with his brother). In 1755, he studied at St Mary Hall, Oxford, but did not stay to gain a degree. Although his brother was the owner of the joint anatomy school John did most of the delicate knife work under his brother's supervision.
He was commissioned as an Army surgeon in 1760 and spent three years in France and Portugal.
Hunter was an excellent anatomist; his knowledge and skill as a surgeon was based on sound anatomical background. Among his numerous contributions to medical science are :
- study of human teeth and advancement of dentistry
- extensive study of inflammation
- fine work on gun-wounds
- some work on venereal diseases, including possibly inoculating himself with venereal disease in 1767 to carry out further study
- an understanding of the nature of digestion, and verifying fat is digested in the lacteal, not the vein which was still a subject of debate.
- The first complete study of the development of a child from fetus to birth
- proves that the maternal and fetal blood supplies are separate
- Unravelling of one of the major anatomical mysteries of the time- the role of the lymphatic system
After years of hard work he set up his own anatomy school in London in 1764 and started in private surgical practice. His recognition rose in 1767 when he was elected as Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1768 he was appointed as surgeon to St. George's Hospital. Later he became a member of the Company of Surgeons. In 1776 he was appointed surgeon to King George III; in 1786 he was appointed deputy surgeon to the British Army and in 1789 he was made Surgeon General.
In 1771 he married Anne Home, daughter of Robert Boyne Home Home and sister of Sir Everard Home. They had four children, one of whom (Agnes) married General Sir James Campbell.
In 1783 he moved to a large house in Leicester Square, where today there stands a statue to him. The space allowed him to arrange his collection of nearly 14,000 preparations of over 500 species of plants and animals into a teaching museum.
He had a reputation as a blunt speaker with an argumentative nature. His death in 1793 followed a fit brought on during an argument at St George's Hospital over the admission of students.
In 1799 the government purchased Hunter's collection of papers and specimens, which it presented to the Company of Surgeons.
[edit] Helping the poor
Hunter was a philosopher in more senses than one; he had philosophy enough to bear prosperity, as well as adversity, and with a rough exterior was a very kind man. The poor could command his services more than the rich. He would see an industrious tradesman before a duke, when his house was full of grandees, "you have no time to spare," he would say, "you live by it; most of these can wait, they have nothing to do when they go home." No man cared less for the profits of the profession, or more for the honour of it. He cared not for money himself, and wished the Doctor [his brother William] to estimate it by the same scale, when he sent a poor man with this laconic note:—
- "Dear Brother,—The bearer wants your advice. I do not know the nature of case. He has no money, and you have plenty, so are well met."
- "Yours, J. HUNTER."
He was applied to once to perform a serious operation on a tradesman's wife; the fee agreed upon was twenty guineas. He heard no more of the case for two months; at the end of which time he was called upon to perform it. In the course of his attendance, he found out that the cause of the delay had been the difficulty under which the patient's husband had laboured to raise the money; and that they were worthy people, who had been unfortunate, and were by no means able to support the expense of such an affliction. "I sent back to the husband nineteen guineas, and kept the twentieth," said he, "that they might not be hurt with an idea of too great obligation. It somewhat more than paid me for the expense I had been at in the business."
[edit] Miscellany
Hunter was the basis for the character "Jack Tearguts" in William Blake's early satire, An Island in the Moon.
A bust of John Hunter stands on a pedestal outside the main entrance to St George's Hospital in Tooting, South London, along with a lion and unicorn taken from the original Hyde Park Corner building.
The John Hunter Hospital, the largest hospital in Newcastle, Australia, and principal teaching hospital of the University of Newcastle, is named after Hunter (as well as two other historically significant John Hunters).
[edit] References
Moore, Wendy. The Knife Man (London: Bantam 2005, ISBN 0-593-05209-9)
[edit] External links
- Detailed account of John Hunters life and work at the 1911 Encyclopaedia
- Standing on the bones of Irish giants - John Hunter and Charles Byrne (O'Brien) - from Blather.net
- Medical biography at whonamedit.com
- John Hunter's Treatise on Venereal Disease
- The Hunterian Museum - The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Hunter, John |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | surgeon |
| DATE OF BIRTH | February 13, 1728 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Long Calderwood, East Kilbride, South Lanarkshire, Scotland |
| DATE OF DEATH | October 16, 1793 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
