John Gorton

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Rt Hon Sir John Gorton

19th Prime Minister of Australia
In office 10 January 1968 – 10 March 1971
Preceded by	John McEwen
Succeeded by	William McMahon

Born	9 September 1911 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Died	19 May 2002
Political party	Liberal

Sir John Grey Gorton GCMG AC CH (9 September 1911 – 19 May 2002), Australian politician, was the 19th Prime Minister of Australia.

1 Biography
2 Honours
3 See also
4 Further reading
5 External links

[edit] Biography

Gorton was born in Melbourne, the son of an orchardist, and was educated at Sydney Church of England Grammar School, Geelong Grammar School and at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he completed an MA. In 1935 he married Bettina Brown, an American. Five years later he enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force, where he served as a fighter pilot. He survived two serious crashes, and in one he suffered horrific facial injuries, requiring extensive reconstructive surgery that left his face permanently disfigured.

Although Gorton had been a member of the Country Party before the war, in 1949 he was elected to the Senate for the Liberal Party. He served in various positions under Robert Menzies and Harold Holt, including Minister for the Navy, Minister for Education and Minister for Works, as well as Govenment Leader in the Senate. He was an energetic and capable minister, and began to be considered leadership material once he moderated his early extremely right-wing views.

When Harold Holt died in December 1967, it was widely assumed that his deputy, William McMahon, would take over as Liberal leader and Prime Minister. But before ballot could be held, Country Party leader and Deputy Prime Minister John McEwen vetoed McMahon's candicacy by declaring that neither he nor any of his Country Party colleagues would serve under McMahon, dramatically adding that he would not give his reasons, but that McMahon knew what they were.

McEwen's shock declaration triggered a leadership crisis within the Liberal Party; even more significantly, it raised the threat of a possible breaking of the Coalition, which would spell electoral disaster for the Liberals -- they were only able to win and hold power with Country Party support, and it is an accepted maxim of Australian politics that the Liberal Party has never won sufficient seats in any federal election to be able to govern in its own right.

In the subsequent leadership struggle Gorton was championed by Army Minister Malcolm Fraser and Liberal Party Whip Dudley Irwin, and with their support he was able to defeat his main rival, External Affairs Minister Paul Hasluck, to become Liberal leader and Prime Minister. He became the first Senator in Australian parliamentary history to be Prime Minister, but in accordance with Westminister tradition, he resigned from the Senate and contested the House of Representatives by-election (necessitated by Holt's death) in the electorate of Higgins.

Gorton was initially a very popular Prime Minister. He carved out a style quite distinct from those of his predecessors - the aloof Menzies and the affable, sporty Holt. Gorton liked to portray himself as a man of the people who enjoyed a beer and a gamble, with a bit of a "larrikin" streak about him. Unfortunately for him, this reputation later came back to haunt him.

He also began to follow new policies, pursuing independent defence and foreign policies and distancing Australia from its traditional ties to Britain. But he continued to support Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War, a position he had reluctantly inherited from Holt, which became increasingly unpopular after 1968. On domestic issues, he favoured centralist policies at the expense of the states, which alienated powerful Liberal state leaders like Sir Henry Bolte of Victoria and Sir Robert Askin of New South Wales. He also fostered an independent Australian film industry and increased government funding for the arts.

Gorton proved to be a surprisingly poor media performer and public speaker, and was portrayed by the media as a foolish and incompetent administrator. He was unlucky to come up against a new and formidable Labor Opposition Leader in Gough Whitlam. Also, he was subjected to media speculation about his drinking habits and his involvements with women. He generated great resentment within his party, and his opponents became increasingly critical of his reliance on an inner circle of advisers - most notably his private secretary Ainsley Gotto. At the 1969 elections, Gorton lost most of the massive majority in the House of Representatives he had inherited from Holt, reduced to 7 seats.

After the election, Gorton was challenged for the Liberal leadership by David Fairbairn, but so long as McEwen's veto on McMahon remained in place, he was fairly safe. McEwen retired in January 1971, and his successor, Doug Anthony, told the Liberals that the veto no longer applied. With the Liberal Party falling further behind Labor in the polls, a challenge was launched in March with the resignation of Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser, who attacked Gorton on the floor of Parliament in his resignation speech, saying that Gorton was "not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister."

Gorton called a Liberal Party meeting to settle the matter. A motion of confidence in his leadership was tied. He could have kept his position by using his casting vote but he chose to resign, and McMahon was then elected leader and thus Prime Minister. In a surprise move, Gorton contested and won the position of Deputy Leader, forcing McMahon to make him Defence Minister. This farcical situation ended within a few months when McMahon sacked him for disloyalty.

After Labor won the 1972 elections, Gorton served in the Shadow Ministry of Billy Snedden until after the 1974 elections, when he was dropped. When Fraser became Liberal leader in 1975, Gorton resigned from the party and sat as an independent. He denounced the dismissal of the Whitlam government by Sir John Kerr, and unsuccessfully stood for an ACT Senate seat at the 1975 elections as an independent.

Gorton retired to Canberra, where he kept out of the political limelight, although he quietly rejoined the Liberal Party. His wife died in 1983, but he remarried in 1993. In his old age he was rehabilitated by the Liberals; his 90th birthday party was attended by Prime Minister John Howard, and the publication of a new biography restored his reputation. He died in his ninety-first year from pneumonia and respiratory failure in a Sydney hospital.

[edit] Honours

Gorton was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1968, a Companion of Honour in 1971, a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1977 and a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1988.

[edit] See also

[edit] Further reading

Alan Reid, The Gorton Experiment, Shakespeare Head Press, 1971 (highly critical)
Ian Hancock, John Gorton: He Did It His Way, Hodder, 2002 (sympathetic)

[edit] External links

John Gorton - Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia

Preceded by: Harold Holt	Leader of the Liberal Party 1968–1971	Succeeded by: William McMahon
Preceded by: John McEwen	Prime Minister of Australia 1968-1971	Succeeded by: William McMahon

Prime Ministers of Australia
Barton \| Deakin \| Watson \| Reid \| Fisher \| Cook \| Hughes \| Bruce \| Scullin \| Lyons \| Page \| Menzies \| Fadden \| Curtin \| Forde \| Chifley \| Holt \| McEwen \| Gorton \| McMahon \| Whitlam \| Fraser \| Hawke \| Keating \| Howard