Jim Morrison

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Morrison on The Best of the Doors album cover

James "Jim" Douglas Morrison (8 December 1943 - 3 July 1971) was an American singer, songwriter, writer and poet. Born in Melbourne, Florida, he was the lead singer and lyricist of the popular American rock band The Doors, and is considered to be one of the most charismatic frontmen in the history of rock music. He was also an author of several poetry books, a documentary, short film and two early music videos ("The Unknown Soldier" and "People are Strange"). Morrison's death at the age of 27 in Paris stunned his fans; the circumstances of his death and secret burial have been the subject of endless rumours and play a significant part in the mystique that continues to surround him.

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early years

Of Scottish and Irish ancestry, Jim Morrison was the son of Admiral George Stephen Morrison and Clara Clark Morrison, who met in Hawaii in 1941 where Steve Morrison, then an ensign, was stationed.

Jim Morrison was born in December of 1943 in Melbourne, Florida, some two years after his parents met. Six months later, Clara Morrison moved to Clearwater, Florida along with her infant son to live with her in-laws (Paul and Caroline Morrison) while her husband returned to the Pacific front for the duration of World War II. (Later he would achieve the rank of Admiral and command the local fleet from his flagship, USS Bon Homme Richard (CVA-31) during the Tonkin Gulf incident.) She stayed in Florida with her new son; her husband would not return to see his family until the summer of 1946. The Morrisons then had a daughter, Anne Robin (born in 1947 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) and a son, Andrew "Andy" Lee (born 1948 in Los Altos, California).

According to Morrison, one of the most important events of his life occurred when he was a child in 1949, during a family road trip in New Mexico, when he and his parents and grandmother came across the scene of an accident in the desert. As he recites in the spoken-word bridge of his song "Peace Frog":

Indians scattered on dawn's highway bleeding
Ghosts crowd the young child's fragile egg–shell mind.

Morrison said that he realized the Indians were bleeding to death, and that he was afraid. He came to believe that the souls of the newly-dead Indians were running around, "freaked out", and that one had leaped into him.

Both of Morrison's parents have claimed that the accident in the desert never happened. In his many comments about this episode, Morrison said that he was so upset by the incident that his parents eventually told him he was "just having a bad dream", in order to calm him down. Regardless of whether the incident was real, imagined, or fabricated, Morrison made repeated references to it in the imagery in his songs, poems, and interviews.

Morrison graduated from George Washington High School (now George Washington Middle School) in Alexandria, Virginia in June 1961. His father was transferred to Southern California that August. Morrison was sent to live with his paternal grandparents in Clearwater, Florida, where he attended classes at St. Petersburg Junior College.

He later transferred to Florida State University (1962-1963), which still afforded a favorable tuition but was too far away for a reasonable commute. Morrison thus moved close to the FSU campus where, for a time, he was a roommate of George Greer, and appeared in a school recruitment film.[1]

In January 1964, urged on by an FSU professor, Morrison headed for Los Angeles, California where he completed his undergraduate degree in UCLA's film school, the Theater Arts department of the College of Fine Arts. Jim made two films while attending UCLA. The first one entitled "First Love " is finally released to the public, unedited at the end of the documentary about the film called "Obscura".

[edit] The Doors

Jim Morrison (far left) with his bandmates in The Doors. From left to right: Jim Morrison, Ray Manzarek, Robby Krieger and John Densmore.

In 1965, after dropping out of the School of Theater Arts at UCLA, where he studied film, Morrison led a Bohemian lifestyle in nearby Venice Beach. Due to a regimen of little food, by 1966 the formerly pudgy Morrison had trimmed down to the chiseled rock-god immortalized in the famed series of black-and-white photos taken by photographer Joel Brodsky. Known as "The Young Lion" photo session, it included the iconic, bare-chested "Christ" pose, a shot that was featured on the Best of the Doors LP cover.

Morrison wowed fellow UCLA student Ray Manzarek with a reading of his lyrics for "Moonlight Drive", and the two then formed The Doors. They were soon joined by drummer John Densmore. Guitarist Robby Krieger auditioned at Densmore's recommendation, and was immediately added to the lineup.

While it is widely believed that the Doors took their name from the title of Aldous Huxley's The Doors of Perception, the name in fact comes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, in which Blake wrote that "If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite." This, too, is the origin of Huxley's title.

The Doors' sound was a significant innovation, dominated by Morrison's deep, sonorous baritone voice, against the interplay of Manzarek's keyboards, Krieger's classically influenced flamenco guitar style and Densmore's crisp, fluid drumming. The Doors were unique because they didn't have a bass guitar in the lineup. Manzarek provided bass lines on his newly-released Fender keyboard bass, a small bass-scale version of the famous Fender Rhodes electric piano. Although the group did augment their studio recordings with bass players (including Lonnie Mack), The Doors appeared as a four-piece in concert, apart from occasions when they were joined by special guests such as John Sebastian.

Lyrically, The Doors broke new ground in rock music, with Morrison's complex, surrealist, allusive lyrics exploring themes of sex, mysticism, drugs, murder, madness and death. Although Morrison is known as the lyricist for the group, Krieger also made significant lyrical contributions, writing or co-writing some of the group's biggest hits, including "Light My Fire", "Love Me Two Times" and "Touch Me".

Morrison and Manzarek's film school education was put to effective use early on in the band's career. Decades before music videos became common-place, Morrison and The Doors produced a promotional film for "Break On Through", which was to be their first single release. The video featured the four members of the group playing the song on a darkened set with alternating views and close-ups of the performers while Morrison lip-synced the lyrics. Morrison and The Doors continued to make innovative music videos, including ones for "The Unknown Soldier" and "People Are Strange".

The Doors were first noticed on the national level in the spring of 1967 after signing to the Elektra Records label. The single "Light My Fire", written by Krieger, hit number one in June 1967. Three months later, The Doors appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show, a popular Sunday night variety series that had, years earlier, introduced a young, wriggling Elvis Presley and the Beatles to the United States. The incident became notorious after the censors insisted that they change the lyrics of "Light My Fire" from 'Girl we couldn't get much higher' to 'Girl we couldn't get much better', because of the reference to drugs in the original lyric. Giving assurances to host Ed Sullivan, Morrison sang the song with the original lyrics anyway on live TV. This infuriated Sullivan so much that he refused to shake their hands after their performance. They were never invited back. To this, Jim responded:

"So what? We already did the Ed Sullivan Show."

By the release of their second album, Strange Days, The Doors had become one of the most popular rock bands in the United States. Their blend of blues and rock tinged with psychedelia had never before been heard. The Doors' eclectic repertoire included a swag of stunning original songs and distinctive cover versions, such as the memorable rendition of "Alabama Song", from Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill's operetta, "Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny". The four also broke new ground in rock music with their extended concept works, including the famous epic songs, "The End" and "When The Music's Over", and the extended suite which they played in concert, "Celebration of the Lizard".

In 1968, The Doors released their third studio LP, Waiting for the Sun. Originally, in production, Morrison convinced his bandmates and his producer into recording a concept album. For Side One, they recorded the usual staple of 3 minute rock songs, while for Side Two they recorded a full rendition of the extended suite, "Celebration of the Lizard". However, it was ultimately decided against by their label, Elektra Records. Subsequently, only a short piece within "Celebration of the Lizard" entitled "Not To Touch The Earth" would make it onto the final LP. As had been customary, with an extended tour de force song ending an album, Waiting for the Sun would instead feature the 5 minute "Five To One" as the album closer.

By this time, The Doors had all but exhausted the cache of songs that Morrison had written. Sourced from his early poetry writings and from favorite lines from his favorite books, this cache had provided all the material on their first three LPs. Meanwhile, Morrison's attitude towards rock music, the audience, and stardom per se began to take its toll. He became increasingly antagonistic towards fans and their constant howls of requests to play radio-friendly hits like "Light My Fire" or "Love Me Two Times" and not appreciating his exploration into poetry and performance-theatre.

This had a major effect on Morrison, and the band, who courageously decided to break new ground with their fourth studio LP, The Soft Parade. Heavy with orchestration and poetry, it was also the first album where the individual band members were given recognition on the inner-sleeve for who wrote which songs. Much of this decision had to do with Morrison wanting to divorce himself from the radio-friendly songs he did not write and attaching his name to the songs which he did write, as well as Robbie Krieger seeking credit for increased contribution to the LP during Morrison's increasing apathy and absences.

The Soft Parade was widely criticized in the media, both for alienating what fans had come to expect of The Doors, as well as for being considered tame compared to earlier Doors offerings. Morrison's lyrics received much of the criticism from the press, who labeled it "college standard one-line non-sequiturs". Despite these setbacks, The Soft Parade featured some of The Doors best work. The hypnotic "Wild Child", the Krieger-penned ballad "Touch Me", and the tour de force title track are among the stand-outs.

Morrison famously lived by an oft-repeated quote from Blake, "The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom." Even before the formation of The Doors, Morrison took copious amounts of LSD, but soon switched to alcohol; which he began to consume in herculean proportions. He reportedly also indulged in various bacchanalia. He would increasingly start to show up for recording sessions extremely inebriated (he can be heard hiccuping on the song "Five To One") as well as being late to arrive for live performances, which caused the band to linger on stage playing only music or occasionally forcing Ray Manzarek to take on the singing duties. Such excesses and apathy took their toll on Morrison and the band.

By 1969, the formerly svelte singer began to balloon in size due to his rapidly escalating alcoholism. Although the cover of the 1970 Absolutely Live LP depicts a trim, clean-shaven, leather-clad Morrison on the front, this photo had in fact been taken about two years earlier. By the time of the tour on which the live album was recorded, Morrison was 20 pounds heavier (175 pounds). He made a concerted effort to distance himself from the "Lizard King" image by growing a beard and wearing regular slacks, jeans and T-shirts.

During a 1969 concert at The Dinner Key Auditorium in Miami, an intoxicated Morrison attempted to spark a riot among those in attendance. He failed, but a warrant for his arrest was issued by the Dade County Police department for indecent exposure some three days later while the band was vacationing in Jamaica. Morrison was ultimately convicted of indecent exposure and public profanity. Fallout from that event resulted in much negative publicity and the cancellation of many of The Doors' scheduled concerts.

Following Morrison's conviction and the criticism of The Soft Parade, The Doors embraced their musical roots with the successful release of the Morrison Hotel LP. Featuring a much grittier Blues-based sound and lyrical content, Morrison Hotel shot The Doors back into the charts and into the hearts of their wavering fans. Morrison Hotel can also be seen as the coming of age of Morrison as a lyricist. The past tendencies towards the abstract and non-sensical mish-mash borrowings of his collected poetry had evolved into the earthy, sincere voice of an older, wiser, life-worn man who had something personal to say.^{[citation needed]}

After a lengthy break, the group reconvened in October 1970 to record what proved to be their last LP with Morrison, L.A. Woman. It solidified the group's return to its musical roots, featuring songs that would quickly become not only among its most popular but also its strongest. These included the title track, the pounding "Texas Radio and the Big Beat", the guttural, angry "Been Down So Long", the evocative "The Changeling", and the album's epic masterpiece closer, "Riders on the Storm", which instantly became an FM radio staple.

The L.A. Woman album also saw another major change in the group's recording career. Shortly after sessions began, producer Paul A. Rothchild -- who had overseen all their previous recordings -- walked off the project, disenchanted with the band's new material, which he dismissed as "lounge music." Long-serving engineer Bruce Botnick took over. Several of Morrison's vocals were performed in the bathroom at The Doors' offices, due to the excellent acoustics, particularly in relation to the reverberation quality.

While most rock bands begin their careers with a Blues foundation and gradually evolve into 'pretentious' lyricists and alternatively-influenced musicians, The Doors were a complete reversal. The 'pretentious' direction of their earliest work matured steadily into a down-to-earth Blues-orientated and lyrically sincere and grounded band. This rare essence has become one of the most endearing qualities of the band over the years.

Among Morrison's more famous nicknames are "Mr. Mojo Risin'", an anagram of his name, which he eventually used as a refrain in his final single "L.A. Woman", and "The Lizard King" from a line in his famed epic poem "Celebration of the Lizard", part of which appeared on The Doors' 1968 album Waiting for the Sun and which was finally captured in full on the Absolutely Live double LP released in 1970. Absolutely Live was a compilation of selected live material recorded at different venues ranging from Detroit, New York, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. The live version of "Celebration of the Lizard" was recorded in front of a sold out crowd at the Aquarius theater in Los Angeles in the summer of 1969.

[edit] Solo efforts: poetry and film

Morrison began writing in adolescence. In college, he became very interested in theater, film and cinematography.

Even though Morrison was a well-known singer and lyricist, he encountered difficulty when searching for a publisher for his poetry. He self-published two slim volumes in 1969, The Lords / Notes on Vision and The New Creatures. Both works were dedicated to "Pamela Susan" (Courson). These were the only writings to be published during Morrison's lifetime.

The Lords consists primarily of brief descriptions of places, people, events and Morrison's thoughts on cinema. They often read as short, prose paragraphs strung together by what seems to be little more than the pages upon which they appear. McClure describes the work as Morrison's deconstruction of his UCLA thesis on film. The New Creatures verses are more poetic in structure, feel and appearance. These two books were later combined into a single volume titled The Lords and The New Creatures.

Much later, two posthumous volumes of poetry were published, both of them selected and arranged by Morrison's friend, photographer Frank Lisciandro, and Courson's parents, who owned the rights to his poetry. The Lost Writings of Jim Morrison Volume 1 is titled Wilderness, and, upon its release in 1988, became an instant New York Times best seller. Volume 2, The American Night, released in 1990, was also a success.

Morrison recorded his own poetry in a professional sound studio on two separate occasions. The first was in March 1969 in Los Angeles and the second was on December 8, 1970, his 27th birthday. The latter recording session was attended by personal friends of Morrison and included a variety of sketch pieces. Some of the tapes from the 1969 session were later used as part of the Doors' An American Prayer album, released in 1978. The album reached number 54 on the music charts. The poetry recorded from the December 1970 session remains unreleased to this day and is in the possession of the Courson family.

Morrison's best-known but seldom seen cinematic endeavor is HWY, a project begun in 1969. Morrison financed the venture and formed his own production company in order to maintain complete independence in its making. He was assisted by Paul Ferrara, Frank Lisciandro and Babe Hill. More of an art film than a commercial endeavor, Morrison played what is essentially the sole continuing character, a hitchhiker turned killer car thief. This same or very similar character is alluded to in Riders On The Storm. Morrison asked his friend, composer/pianist Fred Myrow, to select the eclectic soundtrack for the film. The film shows the influence of other producer-directors of independent art films, such as Andy Warhol, Michelangelo Antonioni, and Jean-Luc Godard.

[edit] Personal life

[edit] Morrison's family

Morrison's early life was a nomadic existence typical of military families. Jerry Hopkins recorded Morrison's brother Andy explaining that his parents had determined to never use corporal punishment on their children, and instead instilled discipline and levied punishment by the military tradition known as "dressing down." This consisted of yelling at and berating the children until they were reduced to tears and acknowledged their failings. Andy said that although he could never keep from crying, his brother never shed a tear.

Biographers record that during his youth, Morrison was a dutiful and respectful son who excelled at school and greatly enjoyed swimming and other outdoor activities. His parents hoped he would follow in his father's military footsteps and, for quite some time, Morrison was happy to emulate his father, intending to study at United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland.

In adolescence, however, Morrison discovered drinking and embarked on a life-long pattern of alcoholism and substance abuse. He was often disruptive in class and became a discipline problem.

Once Morrison graduated from UCLA, he broke off most of his family contact. By the time Morrison's music ascended the top of the charts in 1967, he had not been in communication with his family for more than a year and falsely claimed that his parents and siblings were dead. This misinformation was published as part of the materials distributed with the first Doors album.

In a letter to the Florida Probation and parole Commission District Office, October 2, 1970, Morrison's father acknowledged the breakdown in family communications, the result of an argument over his assessment of his son's musical talents. He said he could not blame his son for being reluctant to initiate contact. He also stressed that he thought Jim was 'fundamentally a respectable citizen' and that he was proud of his son's progress. See http://www.idafan.com/FloridaProbation-ParoleLetters.htm

[edit] Romantic and sexual relationships

Morrison met his long-term companion, Pamela Courson, well before he gained any fame or fortune, and she encouraged him to develop his poetry. At times, Courson used Morrison's name, with his apparent consent. After Courson's death in 1974, the probate court in California decided that she and Morrison had what qualified as a common law marriage (see below, under "Estate Controversy").

Courson and Morrison's relationship was a stormy one, however, with frequent loud arguments, and periods of separation followed by tearful reunions. Doors biographer Danny Sugerman surmised that part of their difficulties may have stemmed from a conflict between their respective commitments to an open relationship and the consequences of living in such a relationship.

In 1970, Morrison participated in a Celtic Pagan handfasting ceremony with rock critic and Science fiction/fantasy author Patricia Kennealy. Before witnesses, one of them a Presbyterian minister,^[1] the couple signed a document declaring themselves wedded;^[2] however, none of the necessary paperwork for a legal marriage was filed with the state. Kennealy discussed her experiences with Morrison in her autobiography Strange Days: My Life With and Without Jim Morrison, and in an interview reported in the book Rock Wives.

Morrison also regularly slept with fans and had numerous short flings with women who were celebrities in their own right, including one with Nico from Velvet Underground, a one night stand with singer Grace Slick of Jefferson Airplane, an on again off again relationship with 16 magazine's editor in chief Gloria Stavers, and an alleged alcohol-fueled encounter with Janis Joplin that left Joplin in tears. Judy Huddleston also recalls her relationship with Morrison in Living and Dying with Jim Morrison. At the time of his death, there were reportedly as many as 20 paternity actions pending against him, although no claims were made against his estate by any of the putative paternity claimants, and the only person making a public claim to being Morrison's son was shown to be a fraud.

[edit] Death

Jim Morrison's grave at Père Lachaise.

Morrison moved to Paris in March 1971 with the intention of taking a break from performing and concentrating on his writing. Hoping to get his life back on track, Morrison lost a great deal of weight and shaved off his beard (although his last photographs show a considerable amount of bloating -- a classic symptom of congestive heart failure.)

He died on July 3, 1971, at age 27, and was found in his bathtub by Courson. According to Stephen Davis' biography of Morrison, it was reported that he had dried blood around his mouth and nose and large bruising on his chest. This suggests Morrison might have died from a massive hemorrhage caused by tuberculosis. Many fans and biographers have speculated that the cause of death was a drug overdose, but the official report listed the cause of death as heart failure. Pursuant to French law, no autopsy was performed because the medical examiner found no evidence of foul play. The lack of an official autopsy left many questions unanswered and provided a fertile breeding ground for speculation and rumor.

In his autobiographical novel Wonderland Avenue, Danny Sugerman recounts that he briefly met with Courson when she returned to America in the mid-1970s. According to his account, Courson told him that Morrison had in fact died of a heroin overdose when he inhaled copious amounts of the substance, believing it to be cocaine. Sugerman added that Courson had also given numerous contradictory versions of Morrison's death, but the majority of fans seem to have accepted the mistaken heroin overdose account. Courson herself died of a heroin overdose a few years later. Like Morrison, she was 27 years old at the time of her death. Morrison was quoted to say that when he returned from Paris that he was going to let "bygones be bygones" with his father. Also within weeks before his death he called bandmate John Densmore and asked how the newest album had been received, and when Densmore replied that it had been doing well in the charts, Morrison replied, "if they like this, wait'll they hear what I got in mind for the next one", implying what would have been for the next album. In Densmore's own autobiography, Riders On The Storm, the drummer reasoned that Morrison had taken heroin with a strong liquor, climbed in the bathtub, and committed suicide.

Morrison is buried in "The Poets' Corner" of the famous Père Lachaise cemetery in eastern Paris. In the past, some of his fans were nuisances, leaving litter, graffiti, and cannabis behind them after their visits. Well-publicized complaints by numerous families of the deceased about desecration of surrounding grave sites led many to expect that Morrison's remains would be forcibly relocated when the 30-year lease to his plot expired. Parisian authorities, however, have denied any such intention, and Morrison's family has since negotiated an agreement with the cemetery to keep him interred there in perpetuity. Indeed, Morrison's grave is the most popular grave in the cemetery and has become one of the most popular tourist destinations in Paris, along with Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame, and the Louvre. In 1993, his parents visited the site and made arrangements with a cleaning company to have the graffiti removed from the nearby tombstones. (WGS84: 48°51′33.8″N, 2°23′37.2″E)

Morrison's gravestone has a Greek inscription reading Κατὰ τον δαίμονα ἑαυτοῦ, in capital letters (ΚΑΤΑ ΤΟΝ ΔΑΙΜΟΝΑ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ). The meaning intended by the Morrison family when the inscription was selected is "True to his own spirit". Morrison's father either selected the phrase or drafted it himself. The literal meaning is "according to his own daimōn", an Ancient Greek word that implies a minor deity, attendant spirit, luck, fortune, "guiding star" and the like, with no negative or pejorative connotations. Various erroneous interpretations of the inscription have been proposed, including, "down with his own demons" (presumably in Hell), "burnt by his demons", "with the devil himself."

Some conspiracy theorists contend that Morrison did not die in Paris. The fact that only two people (other than the police, emergency personnel, and mortician), admitted to the press that they had seen his body, has helped keep the rumor alive for over 30 years.

Throughout Morrison's turbulent career, there had been numerous rumors that he had been killed in an auto accident or had died of a drug overdose. Also, in the days preceding the announcement of his death, the press had been told that Morrison was simply "very tired" and resting in an unnamed French hospital, contributing to the suspicion.

In The Lizard King, Jerry Hopkins recounts that, well before the Doors achieved noticeable success, Morrison had joked that he should fake his own death in order to generate publicity. According to some of Morrison's friends and bandmates, once the Doors had achieved their remarkable success, publicity was no longer seen as being so desirable. Morrison then spoke of wanting to fake his death and move to Africa in order to escape the scrutiny that surrounded his every move. He told them that if he could succeed with the ruse, he would write to them using the pseudonym/ anagram "Mr. Mojo Risin." Such a disappearing act would have paralleled the life of one of Morrison's favorite French poets, Arthur Rimbaud. According to Krieger and other Doors members, they have yet to receive any letters.

A 2006 French television documentary, from a series called 'Death of an Idol', included interviews with many people associated with Morrison's death, including then Doors' manager, Bill Siddons. Siddons, who was only 22 years old at the time, never actually saw the corpse, and explained that he was simply too young and overwhelmed to ask to see the body. The documentary then interviewed several Parisians who claimed that they had seen Morrison at a Paris nightclub, Rock 'n' roll Circus, which was a known place for heroin dealers. The club's manager claimed to have seen Morrison that night. A Parisian woman, Nicole Gosselin claimed that she had seen Morrison in the club on the evening of July 2, 1971. Apparently, there was a shipment of heroin due that evening and Morrison was looking for some. Soon after it arrived, Gosselin claimed that she saw Morrison near the club toilets and he was passing out against the wall, completely white-faced. Gosselin claimed that the batch of heroin was particularly potent, and also that she knew the person who sold it to Morrison. Some people took him out of the club and into a taxi, presumably to return him to his apartment. This would perhaps explain why Morrison was found in the bathtub, as this is a classic way of reviving overdose victims. The documentary also spoke to the fireman who arrived at Morrison's apartment early on July 3rd. This man claimed to have seen Morrison's body, the remnants of a trickle of blood coming from his nose. The fact that Morrison was a known alcoholic meant that adding strong heroin to his already weakened constitution was a dangerous mixture (heroin and alcohol are potentially lethal when mixed in sufficient quantities).

Speculation about the cause and actuality of Morrison's death plays a large and continuing role in the Morrison mystique. Rumors still abound that Morrison committed suicide, was assassinated by the CIA, murdered by a witch, died in a toilet at the notorious Rock and Roll Circus (a nightclub in Paris) or any number of variations. Add to that persistent rumors that he is still alive and living in India, Africa, South America, as a cowboy in Oregon, above a Quik-Check in New Jersey, or in North Dakota anonymously and the "Morrison legend" has taken on a life of its own.

[edit] Estate Controversy

In his will, made in Los Angeles County on February 12, 1969, Morrison (who describes himself as "an unmarried person") left his entire estate to Pamela Susan Courson, also naming her co-executor with his attorney, Max Fink. She thus inherited everything upon Morrison’s death in 1971.

When Courson died herself in 1974, a battle ensued between Morrison’s parents and Courson’s parents over who had legal claim to what had been Morrison’s estate. Since Morrison left a will, the question was effectively moot. On his death, his property became Courson’s property; and on her death, her property passed to her next heirs at law, who were her parents. Morrison's parents did not accept this and contested the will under which Courson and now her parents had inherited their son’s property.

To bolster their position, Courson’s parents presented a document they claimed she had acquired in Colorado, apparently an application for a declaration that she and Morrison had contracted a common law marriage under the laws of that state. The ability to contract a common-law marriage was abolished in California in 1896, but the state's conflict of laws rules provided for recognition of common-law marriages lawfully contracted in foreign jurisdictions - and Colorado was one of the eleven U.S. jurisdictions which still recognized common-law marriage. So, as long as a common-law marriage was lawfully contracted under Colorado law, it was recognised as a marriage under California law.

It is not known whether Courson acquired the application before or after Morrison’s death, or indeed whether it was she or her parents who acquired it. In either case, Morrison did not fill it out or sign it, may have never known about the document, and neither Morrison nor Courson appear to have ever been residents of Colorado. But those facts would not necessarily be relevant to the court’s deliberation on the validity of a common-law marriage, since the determination would be made according to Colorado law. Many of the jurisdictions which still permitted the common law contract of a marriage provide that either party may demand a declaration that a common law marriage was contracted between them, whether the other party (if living) agrees or not. The burden of proof is on the applicant, in any case, to prove that a marriage existed. What is ironic in this case is that both of the alleged applicants were dead, and it was their parents who were trying to prove or disprove that there had been a common-law marriage.

Whatever the circumstances of the unsigned document and the court case, and the controversy surrounding it, the California probate court decided that Courson and Morrison had a common-law marriage under the laws of Colorado. The effect of the court's ruling was to close probate of Morrison's and Courson's estates, and reinforce the Courson family's hold on the inheritance.

[edit] Artistic roots

As a naval family, the Morrisons relocated frequently. Consequently, Morrison's early education was routinely disrupted as he moved from school to school. Nonetheless, he proved to be an intelligent and capable student drawn to the study of literature, poetry, religion, philosophy, and psychology, among other fields.

Biographers have consistently pointed to a number of writers and philosophers who influenced Morrison's thinking and, perhaps, behavior. While still in his teens, Morrison discovered the works of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (after Morrison's death, John Densmore opined that the nihilism of "Nietzsche killed Jim"). He was also drawn to the dark poets of the 18th and 19th century, notably the British poet William Blake, and the French poets Charles Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud. Beat Generation writers, such as Jack Kerouac, also had a strong influence on Morrison's outlook and manner of expression; Morrison was eager to experience the life described in Kerouac's On The Road. He was similarly drawn to the works of the French writer Céline. Céline's book, Voyage au Bout de la Nuit (Journey to the End of the Night) and Blake's Auguries of Innocence both echo through one of Morrison's early songs, "End of the Night." Eventually Morrison got to meet and befriend Michael McClure, a well known beat poet. McClure had enjoyed Morrison's lyrics but was even more impressed by his poetry and encouraged him to further develop his craft.

Morrison's vision of performance was colored by the works of 20th century French playwright Antonin Artaud (author of Theater and its Double) and by Julien Beck's Living Theater, which perhaps influenced some of Jim's confrontational behaviour onstage, such as in the Miami incident. But perhaps the most influential work was a rather obscure, 19th century work by Charles MacKay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions And The Madness Of Crowds. Morrison began practicing MacKay's insights regarding influencing and manipulating crowds while still in college.

Other works relating to religion, mysticism, ancient myth and symbolism were of lasting interest, particularly Joseph Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces. James Frazer's The Golden Bough also became a source of inspiration and is reflected in the title and lyrics of the song "Not to Touch the Earth."

He apparently borrowed some wording from the King James New Testament. Matthew 7:13-14: “Wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and... strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life,” which speaks of death and the afterlife, one of his common themes. Their first hit single “Break On Through” includes the lines: “Gate is straight, deep and wide—break on through to the other side.” Though most of “Light My Fire” was written by Krieger, the second verse was written by Morrison and includes the line “...no time to wallow in the mire,” a wording that could have been borrowed either from 2 Peter 2:22, which reads: “The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire,” or from Socrates’ deathbed statement, as recorded in Plato’s “Phaedo”: “...They said that whoever arrives in the underworld uninitiated and unsanctified will wallow in the mire....”

Morrison was particularly attracted to the myths and religions of Native American cultures. While he was still in school, his family moved to New Mexico where he got to see some of the places and artifacts important to the Southwest Indigenous cultures. These interests appear to be the source of many references to creatures and places, such as lizards, snakes, deserts and "ancient lakes" that appear in his songs and poetry. His interpretion of the practices of a Native American "shaman" were worked into some of Morrison's stage routine, notably in his interpretation of the Ghost Dance, and a song on his later poetry album, The Ghost Song. The song Wild Child was also inspired by Native American rhythm and ritual, but often interpreted to be about one of Morrison's literary influences, Arthur Rimbaud.

[edit] Influence

Morrison remains one of the most popular and influential singers/writers in rock history, as The Doors' catalog has become a staple of classic rock radio stations. To this day, he is widely regarded as the prototypical rock star: surly, sexy, scandalous and mysterious. The leather pants he was fond of wearing both onstage and off have since become stereotyped as rock star apparel.

Morrison's performances have influenced many, including Nick Cave, Richard Ashcroft, Glenn Danzig, Patti Smith, Ian Curtis, David Gahan, Henry Rollins, Ian Astbury, Perry Farrell, Scott Weiland, Trent Reznor, Marilyn Manson, Eddie Vedder, Jude Rawlins, Ville Valo, Sully Erna, The Blood, Siouxsie Sioux, and Jeff Martin.

The legendary punk prototypes Iggy and the Stooges are said to have formed after lead singer Iggy Pop was inspired by Morrison while attending a Doors concert in Ann Arbor, Michigan. One of his most popular songs, "The Passenger", is said to be based on one of Morrison's poems. After Morrison's death, Iggy was considered as a replacement for Morrison; the surviving Doors gave Iggy some of Morrison's belongings, and hired him as a vocalist for a series of shows.

Beat poet Michael McClure has written a poem, For Jim Morrison, in honor of their friendship. He recites this work at his poetry readings with some regularity, often to the accompaniment of Manzarek's keyboards.

On a more cerebral level, Wallace Fowlie, professor emeritus of French literature at Duke University and internationally recognized expert on the poet Arthur Rimbaud, wrote Rimbaud and Jim Morrison, subtitled "The Rebel as Poet – A Memoir." In this book, Fowlie recounts his surprise at receiving a fan letter from Morrison who, in 1968, thanked him for his latest translation of Rimbaud's verse into English. "I don't read French easily", he wrote, "...your book travels around with me." Fowlie went on to give lectures on numerous campuses comparing the lives, philosophies and poetry of Morrison and Rimbaud.

In 1999 Mets third baseman Robin Ventura took the phrase Mojo Risin from Morrison's song "L.A. Woman" as a theme for the team.

[edit] Jim Morrison & The Doors' legacy

Jim Morrison said he walked in the footsteps of French poet Arthur Rimbaud (1854-1891), once remarking, "I am a Rimbaud with a leather jacket". Some sources allege, although it's unverified, that while in France at the end of his life, Jim undertook a pilgrimage to Rimbaud's birthplace in northeastern France, Charleville.

This lineage between "the man with the soles of wind" (Rimbaud's nickame) and "the Lizard King" (Jim's nickname) is very fitting. Both symbolized the bravado and the rebellion of youth against a conservative society that seeks to squelch the individual through social control. Both were brilliant individuals torn between their ambition to shake things up through their art and their temptation to drift away, before being caught up and finally struck down by their inner demons. Most of all, they were both visionaries with a profound and mystical feeling that there is something "more", something "beyond", something that their poetry and music allowed us to touch, if only for a brief moment.

"If my poetry aims to achieve anything, it's to deliver people from the limited ways in which they see and feel", Jim once said. And that is exactly what he and The Doors achieved. With their hauntingly beautiful music that stays with you long after "the music's over", they take us to uncharted territories. They let us "break on through to the other side", however briefly. They did indeed open the "doors of perception", doors that can never be shut again. And that is probably the true legacy of Jim Morrison and The Doors.

[edit] Jim Morrison in fiction and music

In the early 1980s, low budget filmmaker Larry Buchanan made the film Beyond the Doors aka Down On Us, which advanced the theory that Morrison, along with Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin, were killed by the government in an attempt to stamp out "radicals."

The story of Morrison's life was filmed in 1991 by Oliver Stone in his biopic The Doors, starring Val Kilmer as Morrison. The film was critically well-received, but a commercial failure. The surviving Doors were reportedly not pleased with the historical liberties that Stone took with their story. Kilmer was Stone's second choice for the role, the first being The Cult leadsinger Ian Astbury (who declined), although it was also reported that Kyle MacLachlan (who played Manzarek) had originally wanted to play the Morrison role himself. Astbury went on to join the new incarnation of The Doors (Riders On The Storm) in 2000 as lead singer. [2]

Morrison was portrayed on stage in a play titled The Lizard King by the poet and playwright Jay Jeff Jones. The play was performed in New York, London and finally in 1991 in Los Angeles at The Friends & Artists Theatre. The role of Morrison was taken by the television actor Stephen Nichols. http://members.aol.com/NE1FAN/attheplays.html http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsJ/JonesJayJeff.htm

Although it has not been confirmed, Bob Burden, creator of the underground comic book series Flaming Carrot Comics has dropped several clues that the title superhero is supposed to be Morrison.

Steve Taylor, a Christian musician, director, singer, and songwriter wrote a song titled "Jim Morrison's Grave" in his I Predict 1990 album. The song tells of the vandalism around Morrison's grave, and also tells about the man Morrison was, in Taylor's eyes, as "someone who embraced the Rock-n-Roll myth." "Jim Morrison's Grave' asks the age-old question", Taylor said, "Does artistry justify being a weasel? The last line of the song is, 'The music covers like an evening mist/Like a watch still ticking on a dead man's wrist.' Morrison left the world some intriguing music. As far as I'm concerned, that's not enough."

In Stephen King's 1990 release of The Stand: The Complete & Uncut Edition, Stu Redman confides a story to Fran Goldsmith about meeting a sojourner with "eyes of a man who has been trying to look into the dark for a long time and has maybe begun to see what is there." He then reveals to her that he believes the man was Jim Morrison, alive but maybe not so well. Morrison subsequently appeared as an evil version of himself in King's short story You Know They Got a Hell of a Band.

In Wayne's World 2, Michael A. Nickles portrays Jim Morrison in one of Wayne Campbell's dreams in a desert. His famous line "If you book them, they will come" (an homage to Field of Dreams) sets up the major plotline. The comedy also includes a Native American who makes mysterious appearances, another homage, this time to Stone's movie The Doors.

Lewis Shiner's 1993 novel Glimpses (winner of the World Fantasy Award for best novel), follows Ray Shackleford as he takes part in a series of alternative universes to help complete several unfinished music albums: The Beatles' Get Back, Brian Wilson's SMiLE (now finished), Jimi Hendrix's First Rays of the New Rising Sun, and The Doors' Celebration of the Lizard. Fictionalized versions of Wilson, Hendrix, and Morrison appear in the novel.

A portrayal of Jim Morrison (by David Brock of the Los Angeles-based Doors' tribute band Wild Child) appears in the movie Death Becomes Her. The Morrison figure comments on Bruce Willis' death-defying leap off of a building into a pool ("Well, that was pretty neat."). Brock's character plays member to a group of death-cheating immortals.

In the television show The Simpsons, Lisa yells out that she is "The Lizard Queen!" after drinking the water on a ride in Duffland. Homer hums Jim Morrison's song, The End, when contemplating suicide, and this same song appears in a later episode when the family goes to India. In "The Treehouse of Horror II", during an opening montage of gravestones, Jim Morrison's is shown, with two hippies in front.

[edit] 2006

Ex-Jane's Addiction frontman, Perry Farrell has unearthed a lost track featuring the vocals of The Doors Jim Morrison and will release it. [3] [4]

[edit] References

^ Kennealy, Patricia (1992). Strange Days: My Life With And Without Jim Morrison. New York: Dutton/Penguin, p.63. ISBN 0-525-93419-7.
^ Kennealy, Patricia (1992). Strange Days: My Life With And Without Jim Morrison. New York: Dutton/Penguin, plate 7. ISBN 0-525-93419-7.

[edit] Quotes

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Jim Morrison

A friend is someone who gives you total freedom to be yourself.
Blake said that the body was the soul's prison unless the five senses are fully developed and open. He considered the senses the 'windows of the soul.' When sex involves all the senses intensely, it can be like a mystical experience.
Drugs are a bet with your mind.
Expose yourself to your deepest fear; after that, fear has no power, and the fear of freedom shrinks and vanishes. You are free.
I am the lizard king. I can do anything.

[edit] Books

[edit] Morrison's poetry

The Lords and The New Creatures (1969). 1985 edition: ISBN 0-7119-0552-5.
An American Prayer (1970) privately printed by Western Lithographers, and an unauthorized version American Prayer in 1983 by now-defunct Zeppelin Publishing Company. ISBN 0-915628-46-5 (caution: the authenticity of the unauthorized edition has been disputed)
Wilderness The Lost Writings Of Jim Morrison (1988). 1990 edition: ISBN 0-14-011910-8
The American Night: The Writings of Jim Morrison (1990). 1991 edition: ISBN 0-670-83772-5.

[edit] About Jim Morrison

John Densmore, Riders On The Storm: My Life With Jim Morrison and the Doors ISBN 0-385-30447-1.
Dave DiMartino, Moonlight Drive (1995) ISBN 1-886894-21-3
Wallace Fowlie, Rimbaud and Jim Morrison (1994) ISBN 0-8223-1442-8.
Jerry Hopkins, The Lizard King: The Essential Jim Morrison (1995) ISBN 0-684-81866-3.
Jerry Hopkins and Danny Sugerman, No One Here Gets Out Alive (1980) ISBN 0-85965-138-X
Patricia Kennealy, Strange Days: My Life With And Without Jim Morrison (1992) ISBN 0-525-93419-7
Frank Lisciandro, Morrison -- A Feast Of Friends (1991) ISBN 0-446-39276-6
Frank Lisciandro, Jim Morrison -- An Hour For Magic (A Photojournal) ISBN 0-85965-246-7
Ray Manzarek, Light My Fire (1998) First by Jerry Hopkins and Danny Sugerman (1981). ISBN 0-446-60228-0L
Mark Opsasnick, The Lizard King Was Here: The Life and Times of Jim Morrison in Alexandria, Virginia (2006) ISBN 1-4257-1330-0, Library of Congress Control Number: 2006903269. (Interview with the author)
James Riordan & Jerry Prochnicky, Break On Through (1991) ISBN 0-688-11915-8.

[edit] External links