Jeulmun pottery period

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Jeulmun pottery period
Hangul:	즐문 토기 시대
Hanja:	櫛文土器時代
Revised Romanization:	Jeulmun togi sidae
McCune-Reischauer:	Chŭlmun t'ogi sidae

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The Jeulmun pottery period is an archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 8000-1500 B.C. (Bale 2001; Choe and Bale 2002; Crawford and Lee 2003; Lee 2001, 2006). It is named after the decorated pottery vessels that form a large part of the pottery assemblage consistently over the above period, especially 4000-2000 B.C. A boom in the archaeological excavations of Jeulmun Period sites since the mid-1990s has increased knowledge about this important formative period in the prehistory of East Asia.

The Jeulmun period is significant for the origins of plant cultivation and sedentary societies in the Korean peninsula (Bale 2001; Choe and Bale 2002; Crawford and Lee 2003). This period has sometimes been labelled as the "Korean Neolithic", but since intensive agriculture and evidence of European-style 'Neolithic' lifestyle is sparse at best, such terminology is misleading (Kim 1996; Lee 2001).

The Jeulmun was a period of hunting, gathering, and small-scale cultivation of plants (Lee 2001, 2006). Archaeologists sometimes refer to this life-style pattern a 'broad-spectrum hunting-and-gathering'.

1 Incipient Jeulmun
2 Early Jeulmun
3 Middle Jeulmun
4 Late Jeulmun
5 References
6 See also

[edit] Incipient Jeulmun

The origins of the Jeulmun are not well-known, but raised-clay pattern Yungimun pottery (Hangul: 융기문토기; Hanja: 隆起文土器) appear at southern sites such as Gosan-ni in Jeju-do Island and Ubong-ni on the seacoast in Ulsan. Some archaeologists describe this range of time as the "Incipient Jeulmun period" and suggest that the Gosan-ni pottery dates to 10,000 BP (Choe and Bale 2002, Im 1995). Samples of the pottery were radiocarbon dated, and although one result is consistent with the argument that pottery emerged at very early date (i.e. 10,180±65 BP [AA-38105]), other dates are somewhat later (Kuzmin 2006:368). If the earlier dating holds true, Yungimun pottery from Gosan-ni would be, along with Southern China, the Japanese archipelago, and the Russian Far East, among a group of the oldest known pottery in world prehistory. Kuzmin suggests that more absolute dating is needed to gain a better perspective on this notion (Kuzmin 2006:368).

[edit] Early Jeulmun

The Early Jeulmun period (c. 6000-3500 B.C.) is characterized by deep-sea fishing, hunting, and small semi-permanent settlements with pit-houses. Examples of Early Jeulmun settlements include Seopohang, Amsa-dong, and Osan-ni (Im 2000). Radiocarbon evidence from coastal shellmidden sites such as Ulsan Sejuk-ri, Dongsam-dong, and Ga-do Island indicates that shellfish were exploited, but many archaeologists maintain that shellmiddens (or shellmound sites) did not appear until the latter Early Jeulmun (Lee 2001).

[edit] Middle Jeulmun

Choe and Bale estimate that at least 14 Middle Jeulmun period (c. 3500-2000 B.C.) sites have yielded evidence of cultivation in the form of carbonized plant remains and agricultural stone tools (Choe and Bale 2002:110). For example, Crawford and Lee, using AMS dating techniques, directly dated a domesticated foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica) seed from the Dongsam-dong Shellmidden site to the Middle Jeulmun (Crawford and Lee 2003:89). Another example of Middle Jeulmun cultivation is found at Jitam-ni in North Korea. A pit-house at Jitam-ni yielded several hundred grams of some carbonized cultigen that North Korean archaeologists state is millet (Do and Hwang 1961; see also Im 2000:149). However, not all archaeologists accept the grains as domesticated millet because it was gathered out of context in a non-systematic way, only black-and-white photos of the find exist, and the original description is in Korean only.

Cultivation was likely a supplement to a subsistence regime that continued to heavily emphasize deep-sea fishing, shellfish gathering, and hunting. "Classic Jeulmun" or Bissalmuneui (Hangul: 빗살문늬토기) pottery, in which comb-patterning, cord-wrapping, and other decorations extend across the entire outer surface of the vessel, appeared at the end of the Early Jeulmun and is found in West-central and South-coastal Korea in the Middle Jeulmun.

[edit] Late Jeulmun

The subsistence pattern of the Late Jeulmun period (c. 2000-1500 B.C.) is associated with a de-emphasis on exploitation of shellfish, and the settlement pattern registered the appearance of interior settlements such as Sangchon-ni (see Daepyeong) and Imbul-li. Lee suggests that environmental stress on shellfish populations and the movement of people into the interior prompted groups to become more reliant on cultivated plants in their diets (Lee 2001:323; 2006). The subsistence system of the interior settlements was probably not unlike that of the incipient Early Mumun pottery period (c. 1500-1250 B.C.), when small-scale shifting cultivation ("slash-and-burn") was practiced in addition to a variety of other subsistence strategies. The Late Jeulmun is roughly contemporaneous with Lower Xiajiadian culture in Liaoning, China. Archaeologists have suggested that Bangudae and Cheonjeon-ni, a substantial group of petroglyph panels in Ulsan, may date to this sub-period, but this is the subject of some debate.

Kim Jangsuk suggests that the hunter-gatherer-cultivators of the Late Jeulmun were gradually displaced from their "resource patches" by a new group with superior slash-and-burn cultivation technology and who migrated south with Mumun or undecorated (Hangeul: 무문토기; Hanja: 無文土器) pottery (Kim 2003). Kim explains that the pattern of land use practiced by the Mumun pottery users, the dividing up of land into sets of slash-and-burn fields, eventually encroached on and cut off parts of hunting grounds used by Jeulmun pottery users.

[edit] References

Bale, Martin T.

2001. Archaeology of Early Agriculture in Korea: An Update on Recent Developments. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 21(5):77-84.

Choe, C.P. and Martin T. Bale

2002. Current Perspectives on Settlement, Subsistence, and Cultivation in Prehistoric Korea. Arctic Anthropology 39(1-2):95-121.

Crawford, Gary W. and Gyoung-Ah Lee

2003. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula. Antiquity 77(295):87-95.

Do, Yu-ho and Gi-deok Hwang

1961.Jitam-ni Wonsi Yujeok Balgul Bogo [Excavation Report of the Jitam-ni Prehistoric Site]. Gwahakwon Chulpansa, Pyeongyang.

Im, Hyo-jae

2000. Hanguk Sinseokgi Munhwa [Neolithic Culture in Korea]. Jibmundang, Seoul.

Im, Hyo-jae

1995. The New Archaeological Data Concerned with the Cultural Relationship between Korea and Japan in the Neolithic Age. Korea Journal 35 (3):31-40.

Kim, Jangsuk

2003. Land-use Conflict and the Rate of Transition to Agricultural Economy: A Comparative Study of Southern Scandinavia and Central-western Korea. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 10(3):277-321.

Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.

2006. Chronology of the Earliest Pottery in East Asia: Progress and Pitfalls. Antiquity 80:362–371.

Lee, June-Jeong

2001. From Shellfish Gathering to Agriculture in Prehistoric Korea: The Chulmun to Mumun Transition. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison. Proquest, Ann Arbor.

Lee, June-Jeong

Forthcoming. From Fisher-Hunter to Farmer: Changing Socioeconomy during the Chulmun Period in Southeastern Korea, In Beyond "Affluent Foragers": The Development of Fisher-Hunter Societies in Temperate Regions, eds. by Grier, Kim, and Uchiyama, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2006.