Jerald and Sandra Tanner

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Jerald and Sandra Tanner are prominent critics of the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The Tanners founded and currently run the Utah Lighthouse Ministry, whose stated mission is to "document problems with the claims of Mormonism and compare LDS doctrines with Christianity." This includes reprinting original versions of early Mormon writings and scripture, and highlighting doctrinal changes, such as the rejection of Brigham Young's "Adam-God theory." The Tanners have jointly published more than forty books on the subject.

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[edit] Background

The Tanners were both raised in the LDS faith, and their families both had longstanding ties to the Mormon community. Sandra is a great-great-granddaughter of Brigham Young, the second president of the Mormon Church.

As teenagers, before they met, Jerald and Sandra both began to examine the origins of Mormonism. Soon after their introduction, they jointly began researching Mormonism. As a result of these investigations (in their own words) they "left the LDS church and became Christians" (The Tanners, among others, believe Mormons are not Christian; see Mormonism and Christianity).

Jerald Tanner died on October 1, 2006. An email[1] from Sandra Tanner stated:

Dear friends, Jerald entered heaven's gates today (10/01/06) at 7:20 pm.... He went into a coma last night and didn't give any sign of knowing we were with him today. A memorial service is being planned for Sat. but not sure where--mainly because we aren't sure what size facility we need. Pray for us as we grieve. In Christian Friendship, Sandra Tanner

The Tanners' website has posted an "In Memoriam" tribute to Mr. Tanner.[2]

[edit] Publications

The Tanners specialize in reproducing out-of-print documents that would otherwise be inaccessible to the general public. For example, in 1966, they were the first to publish copies of Joseph Smith's Egyptian Alphabet and Grammar, which today is usually called the "Joseph Smith Egyptian Papers". Until the publication of these documents few LDS followers were aware of the existence of these papers, but their publication by the Tanners, along with the Church's retrieval of the Joseph Smith Papyri a year later, has prompted discussions and debates that have extended to this day. For more details on the Joseph Smith Papyri, see Book of Abraham.

Other valuable photomechanical reproductions include complete sets of early-LDS periodicals including the Messenger and Advocate, Times and Seasons, and The Millennial Star. Also notable is the reproduction of the 1825 edition of Ethan Smith's View of the Hebrews, complete with the margin notes made by Elder B. H. Roberts in preparation for his posthumously published treatises A Book of Mormon Study and "A Parallel."

The Tanners have also compiled lists of changes to the text of the Book of Mormon and other texts used by the LDS church, arguing that the alterations are substantial, and that the alleged inconsistences in the texts are evidence against LDS claims of their being divinely inspired.

The Tanner's best-known publication is Mormonism: Shadow or Reality?. Originally published in 1963 as Mormonism: A Study of Mormon History and Doctrine, and reprinted five times since, it has been described by Dean Helland of Oral Roberts University as "the heavyweight of all books on Mormonism."[1] In it, the Tanners question the character of the witnesses to the Book of Mormon, and discuss the different accounts Joseph Smith gave of the First Vision. It includes copies of original LDS documents.

[edit] Legal challenges

In 1999 the LDS church controversially sued the Tanners for internet linking from their website to a third party the copyrighted Church Handbook of Instructions, and received a favorable injunction from a judge in Utah. The lawsuit was settled out of court before an appeal could rule on what observers described as a potentially landmark case concerning internet linking.[2]

[edit] Criticism of the Tanners

Lawrence Foster, a non-Mormon historian who has researched and written about the church, says that until the Tanners "are prepared to abide by accepted standards of scholarly behavior and common courtesy, they can expect little sympathy from serious historians." He has also accused them of assuming "a holier-than-thou stance, refusing to be fair in applying the same debate standard of absolute rectitude which they demand of Mormonism to their own actions, writings, and beliefs. ... The Tanners seem to be playing a skilful shell game in which the premises for judgment are conveniently shifted so that the conclusion is always the same — negative." [3]

Despite these criticisms, Foster also says that some of the Tanners' "research and analysis ... would do credit to any professional historian" [4] and credits them for being "more than simply gadflies; in curious and often indirect ways, their work has also been a factor helping to stimulate serious Mormon historical writing."

He also credits Jerald Tanner for his "fierce opposition to Mormon racism" and notes:

Some scholars have also, at least in private, been very pleased that the Tanners have made available hard-to-find printed works from early LDS history... even those scholars who are most critical of the Tanners and their methods have profited, at least indirectly, because the Tanners' allegations have spurred them to begin their own investigations into vital and still incompletely understood topics.... Jerald and Sandra Tanner have functioned with regard to Mormonism in much the same way that Ralph Nader has functioned with regard to American business.... The Tanners have prodded the church to begin, however haltingly and imperfectly, to develop a more realistic sense of itself. I would imagine, for example, that much of the flowering of Mormon historical studies in the 1970s, which has helped to give at least some Mormons a richer and more vital knowledge of their own heritage, has been more than tangentially related to the desire of Latter-day Saint historians to prove the Tanners wrong by showing that a full and honest history of the Latter-day Saints can indeed be written. Much like the irritating grain of sand in the oyster, the result has been a pearl." [5]

Many of the changes in the Book of Mormon that were highlighted by the Tanners have been defended by LDS apologists as trivial typographical alterations rather than substantive emendations. A few changes, however, consist of more than misplaced punctuation or standardization of spelling. The Tanners note that, for instance, that until recently the Book of Mormon referred to righteous people as "white and delightsome," a phrase whose racial implications were interpreted by many Mormons as support for its practice of denying the priesthood to African-Americans. After the Priesthood ban was removed in 1978, the phrase "white and delightsome" was revised to "pure and delightsome." This change, however, was actually made by Joseph Smith in 1840 for the Nauvoo 3rd edition of the Book of Mormon. Unfortunately, the edition published by the Apostles the next year in England used the 2nd edition manuscript and therefore did not contain Smith's revisions; subsequent editions overlooked and perpetuated this error until the 1981 edition. Since then, A Brief Explanation About the Book of Mormon in the beginning of the Book of Mormon has stated: "Some minor errors in the text have been perpetuated in past editions of the Book of Mormon. This edition contains corrections that seem appropriate to bring the material into conformity with prepublication manuscripts and early editions edited by the Prophet Joseph Smith."

LDS members find the Tanners' decision to publish details of the temple ceremony offensive in that it exposes to public scrutiny practices that members consider sacred and private.

[edit] Tanners challenge extreme anti-Mormonism

On occasion, the Tanners have publicly challenged irresponsible critics of Mormonism.

The Tanners were among the first public critics of forger (and later, murderer), Mark Hofmann. Though Hoffman's "discoveries" of important Mormon documents often appeared to bolster the Tanners own arguments, Jerald had, by early 1984 concluded there was significant doubt as to the Salamander Letter's authenticity, and "to the astonishment of a community of scholars, historians and students, published an attack on the so-called Salamander Letter."[6] By late 1984, Jerald Tanner questioned the authenticity of most if not all of Hoffman's "discoveries" based in large part of their unproved provenance. (The Tanners concur with Hofmann, however, in contending that the LDS church's apparent inability to discern the forged documents is evidence against church leadership being divinely inspired.)

The Tanners have also debunked false claims circulated by Christian evangelist Ed Decker for misrepresentations of the LDS Church found in films such as The Godmakers. [7] [8].

[edit] Selected Publications Authored by the Tanners

  • Mormonism: Shadow or Reality, a long, densely-written work full of reproductions of early Mormon documents accompanied by commentary. This has subsequently been revised and is the basis for their more readable later book, titled The Changing World of Mormonism. In the Exmormon community, this is considered to be the most important book the Tanners have written.
  • The Case Against Mormonism, Vols. 1-3.
  • The Mormon Kingdom, Vols. 1-2, is considered an excellent treatise by many Exmormons for documenting Joseph Smith's and Brigham Young's dictatorial behaviour.
  • Evolution of the Mormon Temple Ceremony: 1842-1990, includes the complete text of the 1990 changes to the temple ceremony, and examines many other changes made to the ceremony throughout the years. Because the temple ceremonies are considered sacred by Latter-day Saints, and are not generally discussed with non-members, this book's treatment of the temple and the ceremonies inside is considered to be offensive by many faithful Latter-day Saints.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Dean M. Helland, "Meeting the Book of Mormon Challenge in Chile," Ph.D. dissertation, Oral Roberts University, 1990, 58 as citied by Matthew Roper of Brigham Young University.
  2. ^ Rivera, Ray. "LDS Suit Nearing Settlement", Salt Lake Tribune, 2000-12-01.

[edit] External links

[edit] Commentary on the Tanners

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