Jefferson Pier
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Jefferson Pier, Jefferson Stone, or the Jefferson Pier Stone, in Washington, D.C., marks the first meridian of the United States,[1] even though it was never officially recognized, either by presidential proclamation or by a resolution or act of Congress. The monument is a 2 foot (0.7 m) square, two foot tall granite obelisk. It is located 390 feet (119 m) WNW from the center of the Washington Monument.
Two previous Washington meridians were ephemeral: the first was a suggestion by Pierre Charles L'Enfant that the meridian be one mile east of the Capitol, the second was a meridian surveyed through the Capitol by Andrew Ellicott in 1793 at the direction of Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. All city streets in L'Enfant's plan of Washington were oriented to the Capitol. Jefferson wished for the United States to become scientifically as well as politically independent from Europe, so he wished for the new national capital itself to be a new "first meridian". It is not known why he requested a meridian through the President's House (White House) in 1804 when he had already requested a meridian through the Capitol eleven years earlier. The meridian of the United States was changed to the center of the small dome of the old Naval Observatory in 1850, and finally replaced by the Greenwich Meridian as the legal prime meridian for both boundaries and navigation in 1912.
A prominent geometric feature of L'Enfant's plan was a large triangle formed by Pennsylvania Avenue, plus a line projected due south from the front doors of the President's House and a line projected due west from the center of the Capitol. L'Enfant had originally selected this apex as the location for an equestrian statue of George Washington which was never constructed. The new meridian line extending south from the center of the President's House was surveyed by Isaac Briggs using a transit and an equal altitude instrument. At the junction of the lines from the center of the President's House and the Capitol,[2] on October 15, 1804, Nicholas King, Surveyor of the City of Washington, erected "a small pier, covered by a flat free stone, on which the lines are drawn."[3] This established the Washington meridian, now at a longitude 77°2'11.56" (NAD 83) west of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Another stone, the Capitol Stone, was erected where the north-south line from the President's House intersected a line extending west from the south end of the Capitol, and a third stone, the Meridian Stone, was erected on the north-south meridian two miles north on Peters Hill, now Meridian Hill. Neither of the two latter stones survives.
A pier is a massive pillar capable of supporting a great weight.[4] Most of the length of a surveying pier is buried vertically in the ground for stability. Free stone is fine grained stone soft enough to carve with a chisel, yet has no tendency to split in any preferential direction. Even though the marker was located on the south bank of Tiber Creek, which was later transformed into the Washington City Canal, and could have been used as a bollard to moor barges, that usage was not the reason it was called a "pier", because the surveyor who erected it had already used that term himself. The entire National Mall area west of the marker was once under water until West Potomac Park was created as a result of an engineering project under the direction of Peter Conover Hains from 1882 to 1891.[5]
The developers of the Washington Monument originally wanted it to be located at Jefferson Pier, but concerns about the bearing capacity of the soil prevented it. However, the marker served as a benchmark during the first phase of its construction. Without realizing its significance, the original marker was removed by the Corps of Engineers during 1872-74 as part of a cleanup of the grounds around the unfinished stump of the Washington Monument, including grading the grounds, filling-in gullies, planting trees, constructing ornamental ponds and a broad carriage road around the stump.[6] On December 2, 1889 Colonel O. H. Ernst, Officer in Charge of Public Buildings and Grounds, erected a replacement marker above the recovered foundation of the original marker. An artifact sometimes confusing to and often overlooked by tourists, Jefferson Pier is maintained today by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks administrative unit. In 1890, a new monument, the Ellipse Meridian Stone, was placed by the Coast and Geodetic Survey in the center of the Ellipse in President's Park approximately 1506 feet (459 m) north of the Jefferson Pier but in a more protected area. Theodolite measurements showed the new Ellipse Meridian Stone stood off two feet two inches from the line of the replacement Jefferson Stone, indicating one of the two markers was improperly located.
In 1920, Congress approved the placement of a new deliniation stone on the Ellipse, the Zero Milestone, which is an itenarary marker from which official mileages from Washington would be determined. The new marker, a gift of the Lee Highway Association, was for some reason placed one foot west of the original meridian line extending north-south from the center of the White House.
[edit] References
- ^ David R. Doyle, National Geodetic Survey. Where Freedom Stands. Retrieved on April 20, 2006.
- ^ A Brief Construction History of the Capitol In 1804, the original north (Senate) wing of the Capitol was complete, construction of the original south (House) wing had just begun, and a gap existed between the two wings where the dome would later be built. The east-west line passed through the center of this gap.
- ^ Letter of "Nicholas King, Surveyor of the City to Thomas Jefferson, October 15, 1804": its first page has the date and its purpose, its last page mentions "pier", and its back has two annotations by later archivists, one of whom calls it "a record of the demarcation of the 1st Meridian of the US". URLs accessed on 28 April 2006.
- ^ Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture: Pier
- ^ Arlington National Cemetery. Peter Conover Hains. Retrieved on April 20, 2006.
- ^ Albert E. Crowley, A City for the Nation: The Army Engineers and the Building of Washington, D.C., 1790–1967 ([1979?]), SuDoc D103.43:870-1-3, p.26.
[edit] Further reading
- Silvio A. Bedini. The Jefferson Stone: Demarcation of the First Meridian of the United States. Frederick, MD: Professional Surveyors, 1999. King's letter is transcribed in an appendix.
Book Review by Craig B. Waff (pdf, 327KB) (includes a lot of info from the book)
Book Review by Patrick Toscano
[edit] External links
- 1855 Colton map of Washington Jefferson Pier would have been on seawall at edge of water at the entrance to Washington City Canal
