Japanese military-political doctrines in the Showa period

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

You have new messages (last change).
This article or section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.
Please help improve this article or replace this tag with a more specific message. This article has been tagged since June 2006. (help, talk)
The neutrality of this article is disputed.
Please see the discussion on the talk page.
The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.
Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page.
This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.
 Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the talk page for details.
Some information in this article or section has not been verified and may not be reliable.
Please check for any inaccuracies, and modify and cite sources as needed.

Japanese military-political doctrines in the Showa period refers to Japanese political ideas and doctrines held by Japanese Army and Japanese Navy thinkers, and their civilian supporters in politics, during the Shōwa period.

Contents

[edit] Ancient influences

These thinkers took ideas from ancient local doctrines such as:

[edit] Japanese militarist thought from Kamakura-Tokugawa period

Ideologists envisioned some military ideas (Military Shogunate) possibly based on the ancient "Shogunate" Kamakura-Tokugawa government periods from next leaders:

  • Regent Tokimune Hojo (he defeated at Mongol Kubilai Khan Invasion and support the "Kamikaze"( Divine Wind) Myth, during Kamakura times)

These military leaders was called the "The Three Unificators" as in their period, heavy military actions contributed to unify the Japanese nation, and some of them unified their followers in overseas military conquest actions, in Korea and indeed planning to invade the Chinese Empire or Philippines, among others.

[edit] Japanese thinking ancestors from Tokugawa-Tenpo period

These thinking ancestors during Tokugawa Shogunate and Tempo Period, was created some ideological basis in different areas were nationalist ideologist taken certain ideas also.

  • Arakida Hisaoyu
  • Kato Chikage
  • Murata Harumi
  • Katori Tahiko
  • Hanawa Hokiichi
  • Uchiyama Matatsu
  • Kurita Hijimaro
  • Yamaga Soko
  • Ando Shoeki
  • Arai Hakusei
  • Mito Nariaki
  • Yoshida Shoin
  • Hashimoto Sanai
  • Hitotsubashi Keiki
  • Kaiho Seiryo (1755-1817)
  • Fujita Toko (1806-1855)
  • Takano Shoei (1804-1850)
  • Sakuma Shozan (1811-1864)
  • Takashi Shuan (1798-1866)
  • Honda Toshiaki (1744-1821)
  • Hayashi Shinhei (1738-1793)
  • Ogyu Sorai (1666-1728)
  • Kada Azumamaro (1666-1736)
  • Kamo Mabuchi (1697-1769)
  • Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801)
  • Hirata Atsutane (1776-1843)
  • Yamazaki Ansai (1618-1682)
  • Ishida Baigan (1685-1744)

[edit] Ideological bases in Meiji period

To the previous doctrines mentioned others were added provided by Japanese Navy and Japanese Army thinkers:

  • Fukoku kyohei Doctrine
  • Imperial Rescript on Education
  • Meiji north-south expansion policy:- Saigo (Navy) - Yamagata (Army) strategic scholarly discussion related to expansion areas for the Japanese Empire in the Meiji period, since the Chinese-Japanese war (1894-95))
  • Gashinshotan ("Perseverance and determination") Naval Doctrine
  • Shusei Kokubo ("Static Defense") Naval coastal defensive Doctrine
  • Kaikoku Nippon ("Maritime Japan") principle
  • Rikushu Kaiju ("Army first, Navy second") principle

The political and military leaders from Satsuma, Chosu, Tosa, Hizen, Kumamoto, Fukui Clans and ancient Bakufu government and Imperial Court why created the Meiji State, was also organized some political, economical, social, and nationalists though theories and ideals in mentioned period how Fukuzawa Yukichi. Others experts like Count Okuma, Baron Shimpei Goto, Okakura Kakuzo, Saigo Takamori and Yamagata Aritomo developed some thinking in expansionist theories also.

[edit] Foundators of Meiji Nation

  • Sanjo Sanemoto (1837-1891)
  • Iwakura Tomomi (1825-1883)
  • Okubo Toshimichi (1830-1878)
  • Terashima Muneori (1833-1893)
  • Godai Tomoatsu (1835-1885)
  • Saigo Takamori (1828-1877)
  • Kuroda Kiyotaka (1840-1900)
  • Matsukata Masayoshi (1837-1924)
  • Takasugi Shinsaku (1837-1867)
  • Kido Koin (1833-1877)
  • Omura Masujiro (1824-1869)
  • Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909)
  • Inoue Karou (1835-1915)
  • Yamagata Aritomo (1838-1922)
  • Hirosawa Saneomi (1833-1871)
  • Itagaki Taisuike (1837-1919)
  • Goto Shojiro (1837-1897)
  • Fukuoka Kotei (1835-1867)
  • Sakamoto Ryoma (1835-1867)
  • Eto Shimpei (1834-1874)
  • Okuma Shigenobu (1838-1922)
  • Soejima Tanemoi (1828-1905)
  • Oki Takato (1832-1899)
  • Yokoi Shonan (1809-1869)
  • Katsu Kaishu (1823-1899)
  • Yuri Kimimasa (1829-1909)
  • Inoue Kowashi (1844-1895)

[edit] Japanese political thought in the Showa period

Along such previous old thinking, native ideologists from 1920s used other diverse ideologies borrowed from the West, including socialism,state socialist, Marxism, Pan Asianism, populism and Social Darwinism. During the 1930s and 1940s was added local nationalist thinking as developed by Kita Ikki and other political thinkers, as well as some aspects of European fascist thought, to form a Japanese fascism, alongside the form of Showa nationalism (see Japanese nationalism) and the Militarist-Socialist radical right-socialist thinking.

Two contemporary slogans illustrate Japan's motivations: "National Prosperity and Military Power" and "Civilization and Enlightenment".

The major objectives implied in the second slogan necessarily derived from the first. Wealth and armed might were the twin foundations.It followed that national defense was bound to exert dominance over domestic politics.

The principal Japanese nationalist ideologist, Sadao Araki, was not an isolated figure. Other thinkers of the time were:

[edit] Japanese Army ideologists

[edit] Japanese Navy thinkers

[edit] Political philosophers and thinking experts in right-wing line

[edit] Native thinking experts in Geopolitics

  • Saneshige Komaki
  • Iwao Seiichi
  • Toraji Irie
  • Kiyosumi Kakei
  • Shoji Iizawa
  • Jiro Nagatsuka
  • Shumei Okawa
  • Kanji Ishiwara
  • Isamu Cho
  • Yoshihide Hayashi

Some historians and experts claim that the Emperors Mutsuhito and Hirohito participated intellectually, during their reigns.

[edit] Japanese contemporary doctrines

These and others met at the "Shintoist Rites Research Council", "Showa Studies Society", "Social Troubles Institute", Kodoha party or "Black Dragon Society" headquarters, or other "think tanks" or ideological "schools". The complex of doctrines arising included those relating to:

Political doctrines

Religious doctrines

Military and security doctrines

Educational,social,economical and cultural doctrines

Geopolitical and conquest doctrines

  • "Japanese Geopolitics prewar and wartimes (WW2)"
  • "Nippon Chiseigaku Kai"(Japanese Society for Geopolitics)(Geopolitical think-tank)
  • "Nippon Chiseigaku Sengen"(A manifesto of Japanese Geopolitics)
  • "Dai Nippon Teikoku" Expansionists Ideal
  • "Social Troubles Institute" (political-overseas planning think-tank)
  • Tanaka Memorial
  • Yen Block
  • "Dai Toa" (Greater East Asia)
  • Toa shin Shitsujo(New order in East Asia)
  • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
  • Ministry of Greater East Asia (Japan) (government political and ideological structure for managing Southast Asian occupied territories)
  • Greater East Asia Conference (November 1943)
  • Hakko Ichiu ('eight squares of the World under a single roof')
  • Nanshin-ron Doctrine
  • Amau Doctrine (was possibly the Asian equivalent to the Monroe Doctrine)
  • Greater East Asia War concept
  • "Nanpokyo ei ken" (South Co-Prosperity Sphere)
  • "Nan-yo kokusaku"(national policy towards in The South Seas)
  • "Nanyo Kohatsu Kabushiki Kaisha(South Seas Development Company)
  • "Nan yo Takushoku Kabushiki Kaisha" (South Seas Colonization Company)
  • "Tai nan-yo Hosaku Kenkiu Kai"(Study Comitee for Policies towards the South Seas)
  • "Japanese preparations for Invasion to Southern Areas"
  • "Australian-first" (Japanese Navy Conquest Doctrine and school of thought in related with Australian Invasion planning)
  • Japanese Planning to "American" Strikes and Invasion
  • Japanese organization of local "native" armies or police forces such as Peta and Heiho (Javanese volunteer army troops) or Burma National Army (Burmese pro-Japanese independence forces)
  • Japanese creation of "local" workers groups such as Romusha (volunteer work units) and similar in occupied lands
  • Japanese interest in "native" right-wing parties or creation of such parties in occupied territories
  • Japanese political, economic and military advisers in local governments in occupied areas in the wartime period or creation of "native" establishments in these controlled lands.

Alongside these political doctrines' development, the Japanese Navy, from its strategic thinking center in Formosa, organized its Strike South Group in line with conquest plans in the Pacific and Southern areas; and the Japanese Army in Manchukuo had its own Strike North Group for conquest plans on the Asian mainland.

Japanese advisers in occupied territories during wartimes (WWII)

These "advisers" and "consellors" in political, economic and military areas, theoretically poses the "purpose" of supporting the native administration, but in reality were the Japanese direct or indirect managing of native governments in occupied lands amongst the "local" establishments organized by proper Japanese and native partidaires in area.

Manchukuo

  • Seichiro Itagaki
  • Kenji Doihara
  • Yasunori Yoshioka
  • Hisao Watari
  • Takuma Shimoyama

Wang Jingwei Government

  • Kumataro Honda
  • Teiichi Suzuki
  • Kaya Okinori

Mengjiang

[edit] See also

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../j/a/p/Japanese_military-political_doctrines_in_the_Showa_period_5338.html"