James Somerville
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Admiral of the Fleet Sir James Fownes Somerville, GCB GBE DSO, (17 July 1882 – 19 March 1949) was one of the most famous British Admirals of World War II.
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[edit] Early career
The son of Arthur Fownes Somerville (1850-1942, who appears to have spent some time farming sheep in New Zealand), James Fownes Somerville was born in Weybridge, Surrey. He joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1898, and achieved the rank of lieutenant by 1904. Somerville became the Navy's leading radio specialist and served at Gallipoli during World War I, where he earned the Distinguished Service Order for his efforts.
Somerville stayed in the service after the war, and in 1921 he was promoted to captain. Somerville served as Director of the Admiralty's Signal Department from 1925 to 1927, and as a Naval Instructor at the Imperial Defence College from 1929–1931. He was promoted to Commodore in 1932 and to rear admiral in 1933.
Somerville commanded the Mediterranean Fleet destroyer flotillas from 1936 to 1938, and during the Spanish Civil War helped protect Majorca from the Republicans. From 1938 to 1939 he served in the East Indies before being forced to retire in 1939 for medical reasons (it was thought, incorrectly, that he had tuberculosis).
[edit] European operations, 1939-1942
He was recalled to duty on special service to the Admiralty later in 1939 with the start of World War II, and for the next year performed important work on naval radar development. In May, 1940, Somerville served under Admiral Bertram Ramsay, helping organize the evacuation of Dunkirk.
His next major assignment was as naval commander, on HMS Hood, of the newly-formed Force H based in Gibraltar. After Henri-Philippe Pétain signed an armistice with Germany on 22 June 1940, Winston Churchill gave Somerville the task of neutralizing the main element of the French fleet, at Mers-el-Kébir in North Africa, attacking and destroying it if all other options failed. Churchill wrote to him:
- You are charged with one of the most disagreeable tasks that a British Admiral has ever been faced with, but we have complete confidence in you and rely on you to carry it out relentlessly.
Although privately he felt that his orders to attack if all other avenues failed were a mistake, Somerville executed his orders, and eventually attacked the French fleet as they rode at anchor. Somerville's forces inflicted severe damage on their erstwhile allies, most notably sinking the battleship Bretagne with heavy loss of life. Several other major French ships were damaged during the bombardment. The operation was judged a success, although he admitted privately to his wife that he had not been quite as aggressive in the destruction as he could have been.
At the head of Force H, on 9 February 1941 Somerville organized a bombardment raid on Genoa, and also played an important role in the pursuit and sinking of the Bismarck on 26 May 1941. He was also involved in the protection of a number of important convoys to Malta and Egypt. He received the KBE in 1941 for his successes with Force H.
[edit] Indian Ocean, 1942-1944
Somerville became commander of the British Eastern Fleet in March 1942, replacing Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton. The Eastern Fleet had been established at Trincomalee, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), after the surrender of Singapore, but Somerville was unhappy with the base's security and he ordered the construction of an alternative forward base at Addu Atoll in the Maldives. The Japanese advance through Burma and their capture of the Andaman Islands enforced the move of the bulk of the Eastern Fleet to Addu Atoll and to Kilindini in East Africa.
Admiral Chuichi Nagumo's powerful Indian Ocean Raid in April demonstrated the wisdom of Somerville's move from Trincomalee. After the sinking of an aircraft carrier and two cruisers, he attempted to intercept the Japanese fleet, but failed. Had he been successful, it's probable that his two remaining carriers would have been overwhelmed.
In 1944, with reinforcements , he was able to go on the offensive in a series of aggressive air strikes in the Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies, enabling naval air crews to gain expertise that they would later need in the Pacific.
[edit] Later career
Somerville was replaced as commander of the Eastern Fleet by Admiral Bruce Fraser in August, 1944. Two months later was placed in charge of the British Admiralty Delegation in Washington D.C., from 1944 to December, 1945, where he managed—to the surprise of almost everyone—to get on very well with the notoriously abrasive and anti-British Admiral Ernest King, Commander in Chief of the United States Navy.
He was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 8 May 1945, and retired from the service following the war. He was made Lord Lieutenant of Somerset in August, 1946, and lived in the family seat of Dinder House, Somerset, where he died on 19 March, 1949.
[edit] External References
- See a photograph of Admiral Somerville.
- Donald MacIntyre, Fighting Admiral: The Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir James Somerville (Evans Brothers, London, 1961)
- James Somerville, The Somerville Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Sir James Somerville, GCB, GBE, DSO (Navy Records Society, London, 1996)
| Military Offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by: Sir Thomas Phillips |
Commander-in-Chief British Eastern Fleet 1942–1944 |
Succeeded by: Bruce Fraser |
| Honorary Titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by: Thomas Thynne, 5th Marquess of Bath |
Lord Lieutenant of Somerset 1949–1967 |
Succeeded by: William Jolliffe, 4th Baron Hylton |
