Jamaican Creole

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Jamaican Creole
Spoken in: Jamaica
Total speakers: —
Language family: Creole
 Jamaican Creole
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: to be added
ISO/FDIS 639-3: —

 

Jamaican Creole, also known to foreigners as Patois/(Patwa) or simply Jamaican, is an English/African-based language --not to be confused with Jamaican English nor with the Rastafarian use of English-- used primarily on the island of Jamaica. Jamaican is the descendant of a 17th century creolization process which, simply put, consisted of West and Central Africans acquiring and nativizing the vernacular and dialectal British Englishes (including significant exposure to Irish and Scottish varieties), with which their forced labour brought them in contact. Of course it must be understood that all languages are derived from usually more than one already existing language. For examples, Italian, Catalan, French, Spanish, and Portuguese are all derived from Latin and respective local languages. Modern day Jamaican creole is what is called a linguistic continuum in linguistics terms[1][2] -- no standard form of the language (an acrolect) can be distinguished systematically from some semilocal version (a mesolect) nor even from the most divergent rural forms (the basilect).

Significant Jamaican-speaking communities exist among Jamaican expatriates in Miami, New York City, Toronto, Hartford, Washington D.C., Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama (in the Caribbean coast), and London.[3] Mesolectal forms are similar to Basilectal Belizean Creole, and a mutually intelligible variety is found in San Andres Islands, Colombia, brought to the island by descendants of Jamaican maroons in the 18th century. Jamaican creole exists mostly as a spoken language. Although standard British English is used for most writing in Jamaica, Jamaican has been gaining ground as a literary language for almost a hundred years. Claude McKay published his book of Jamaican poems Songs of Jamaica in 1912. Creole and English are frequently used for stylistic contrast in new forms of internet writing.[4]

Jamaican pronunciation and vocabulary are significantly different from most other English dialects, despite heavy usage of English words or derivatives. It is to the point where a native speaker of a non-Caribbean English dialect can only understand a heavily accented Jamaican speaker if they talk slowly and forego the use of the numerous idioms that are common in Jamaican. Jamaican Creole displays similarities to the pidgin and creole languages of West Africa due to their common descent from the blending of European substrate languages with African native tongues and, behind the barrier of very different accents, is actually mutually intelligible to many of them, such as Sierra Leone's Krio and Nigerian Pidgin English.

This is due to the fact that many Jamaican words have their origin in various African languages and the language syntax is mostly derived from the various African languages. Pluralisation of nouns is done by either prepending a cardinal --de five bud=the five birds-- or by appending the plural indicator, "dem" --de bud dem=the birds. Similarly, verb tense is specified using prepended tense indicators --mi swim, mi a go swim, mi beh~ swim, mi a fi swim, etc.

Contents

[edit] The pronominal system

The pronominal system of Standard English has a four-way distinction of person, singular/plural, gender and nominative/objective. Some varieties of Jamaican Creole do not have the gender or nominative/objective distinction, though most do; but usefully, it does distinguish between the second person singular and plural (you).

  • I, me = mi
  • you, you (thou, thee) = yu
  • he, him = im or i~ (nasalized in the basilect variety)
  • she, her = shi or i~ (nasalized, with no gender distinction in the basilect variety)
  • we, us = wi
  • you, you = unu
  • they, them = dem

To form the possessive adjectives and the possessive pronouns, simply add "fi-" to the pronouns above. Note, though, that most varieties of Jamaican Creole use merely the nominative/objective pronouns in place of these possessive variants, which are used for emphasis.

  • my, mine = fi-mi
  • your, yours (thy, thine) = fi-yu
  • his, his = fi-im
  • her, hers = fi-shi (also fi-'ar, and fi-im in basilect variety)
  • our, ours = fi-wi
  • your, yours = fi-unu
  • their, theirs = fi-dem

Often, fi- is used in front of nouns, to indicate possession (replacing 's).

e.g. a fi-Anne daag dat, that is Anne's dog.

[edit] Vocabulary

Naturally, Jamaican Creole contains many words borrowed from English as well as from Spanish, Portuguese, Hindi, and African languages. Examples of such words include "duppy" meaning 'ghost' from Twi adope, id; "pickney/pickiney" meaning 'child' (taken from an earlier form "piccaninny" and ultimately borrowed from Portuguese "pequeno"/Spanish "pequeño"); "obeah" (also from Twi) referring to a type of spell-casting, voodoo or witchcraft native to Africa (and also used as a popular scapegoat for common woes); and even "seh" meaning 'that' (in the sense of "he told me that" = "im tel mi seh") and taken from a west African dialect. Words from Hindi include "nuh", "ganja" (marijuana), and "janga" (crawdad).

Of course there are lots of words referring to popular produce and food items - "ackee", "callaloo", "guinep", "bammy", "roti", "dal", "kamranga".

See also batty boy.

[edit] Tense and aspect marking

The tense/aspect system of Jamaican Creole is fundamentally unlike that of English. There are no morphological marked past tense forms corresponding to English -ed -t. There are 2 preverbial particles: 'en' and 'a'. These are not verbs, they are simply invariant particles which cannot stand alone like the English ‘to be’. Their functions differs also from the English

  • 'en' is called a ‘tense indicator’
  • 'a' is called the ‘aspect marker’
  • 'go' is used to indicate the future

There are no morphological marked past tense forms corresponding to English -ed -t.

  • Mi run
    • I run (habitually); I ran
  • Mi a run or Mi deh run
    • I am running
  • A run mi dida run or A run mi ben/(w)en a run
    • I was running
  • Mi did run or Mi beh~/(w)en run
    • I have run; I had run
  • Mi a go run
    • I am going to run; I will run

[edit] Use of the copula (equivalent to "to be")

  • the Jamaican Creole particle 'a' is required
    • e.g. Mi a write (I am writing)
  • the Jamaican Creole equative verb is also 'a'
    • e.g. Mi a di teecha (I am the teacher)
  • Jamaican Creole has a separate locative verb 'deh'
    • e.g. Wi deh a London (We are in London)
  • with true adjectives in Jamaican Creole, no copula is needed; adjectives are a special class of verbs
    • e.g. Mi tyad now (I am tired now)

[edit] Negation

  • negator ‘no’ used in present
    • Wi no deh a London (We are not in London)
    • Mi naah (no +a) run (I’m not running)
  • 'neba’ or ‘neva’ used only in past
    • Mi neba knuow dat (I didn’t know that)
    • Nobaddy neva si him (Nobody saw him)
  • insertion of a 'y' in a word
    • Mi kya~ do dat (I can do that)
    • Mi kyaa~ do dat (I cannot do that)

[edit] Phonology

Characteristic features include the absence of /ɒ/ (as in British English "got"), which fell together with /ɑː/, as in most US Englishes. Jamaican Creole developed two palatal plosives, namely /kʲ/ and /ɡʲ/, they derive from English palatal allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/. Due to African influences, /kʲ/ and /ɡʲ/ are now phonemes in Jamaican Creole. Furthermore, Jamaican Creole has no /θ/ (as in Standard English "thing") phoneme; /θ/ fell together with /t/. Other features of many Jamaican dialects include:

  • /v/ being pronounced as /b/,
  • Word-initial /h/ being dropped (Have becomes 'ave) in many dialects, but may also be added to words beginning with vowel sounds: "eye" becomes "hi."
  • Intervocalic /t/ becoming /k/, little = likkle, bottle = bahkkle
  • Occasional metathesis; film = flim, crispy = cripsy, ask = aks
  • Deletion of word-initial /s/: 'pit=spit, 'pen'=spend, 'tumok/'tomok=stomach

[edit] Orthography

Because of its status as non-standard, there is no standard or official way of writing Jamaican Creole; (for example the word 'there' can be written 'de', 'deh' or dere'; and the word for 'three' is most commonly spelt 'tree', but it can be spelt 'tri' or 'trii' to distinguish it from the noun tree). Often, Standard English spellings are used even when words are pronounced differently. At other times though, a spelling has become widespread even though it is neither phonetic nor standard (eg. 'pickney' = 'child'; in this case the spelling 'pikni' would be more phonetic). However, due to increased use on the internet and in e-mail in recent years, a user-driven process of partial standardization has been taking place.[5]

[edit] Examples

  • That man was swimming
    • Da man de did a swim.
  • Three men swam.
    • Tree man did a swim.
  • I do not like what you are saying about your girlfriend.
    • Mi nuh like wah yu a seh bout yu gyal.
  • I did not say anything about you.
    • Mi neva seh nuttn bout yu.
  • The children are making too much noise.
    • Di pickney, dem a mek too much nize.

(Note that double negatives in Jamaican Creole are used as intensifiers)

  • Nyam- v. to eat ex: "Mi a go nyam" (I'm going to eat)
  • Pickney- n. a child or children ex: "Ey pickney, wha you name?" / "Dem pickney deh 'aad-ears"
  • Seh- that (as in: "'im tell mi seh you shi boops" (He told me that you're her sugar-daddy)

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

Wikibooks
Wikibooks has more on the topic of
  1. ^ John R. Rickford (1987), Dimensions of a Creole Continuum: History, Texts, Linguistic Analysis of Guyanese. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP.
  2. ^ Peter L. Patrick (1999), Urban Jamaican Creole: Variation in the Mesolect. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.
  3. ^ Mark Sebba (1993), London Jamaican, London: Longman.
  4. ^ Lars Hinrichs (2006), Codeswitching on the Web: English and Jamaican Creole in E-Mail Communication. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.
  5. ^ Lars Hinrichs (2004). Emerging orthographic conventions in written Creole: Computer-mediated communication in Jamaica. Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 29:1, 81-109.
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