Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
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Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai (上代特殊仮名遣い?) is a kanazukai in which Man'yōgana are split into two separate groups.
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[edit] Syllables
Following are the syllabic distinctions made in Old Japanese.
| a | i | u | e | o | |||
| ka | ki1 | ki2 | ku | ke1 | ke2 | ko1 | ko2 |
| ga | gi1 | gi2 | gu | ge1 | ge2 | go1 | go2 |
| sa | si | su | se | so1 | so2 | ||
| za | zi | zu | ze | zo1 | zo2 | ||
| ta | ti | tu | te | to1 | to2 | ||
| da | di | du | de | do1 | do2 | ||
| na | ni | nu | ne | no1 | no2 | ||
| ha | hi1 | hi2 | hu | he1 | he2 | ho | |
| ba | bi1 | bi2 | bu | be1 | be2 | bo | |
| ma | mi1 | mi2 | mu | me1 | me2 | mo1 | mo2 |
| ya | yu | ye | yo1 | yo2 | |||
| ra | ri | ru | re | ro1 | ro2 | ||
| wa | wi | we | wo | ||||
Those syllables marked in gray are known as Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai.
[edit] Transcription
Syllables written with subscript 1 are known as type A (甲 kō?) and those with subscript 2 as type B (乙 otsu?).
There are several competing transcription systems. One popular system places a dieresis above the vowel: ï, ë, ö. This typically represents i2, e2, and o2, and assumes that unmarked i, e, and o are i1, e1, and o1. There are several problems with this system.
- It implies a particular pronunciation, indirectly on the vowel.
- it neglects to distinguish between words where the 1 / 2 distinction is not clear, such as the /to/ in /toru/ as well as in /kaditori/.
Another system uses superscripts instead of subscripts.
[edit] Meaning
There are many hypotheses to explain the distinction. However, it is not clear whether the distinction applied to the consonant, vowel, or something else. There is no general academic agreement. See Old Japanese for more information.
[edit] Usage
A word is consistently, without exception, written with syllables from a specific group. For example, /kami1/ "above" and /kami2/ "god". While both words consists of an /m/ and an /i/, mi1 can not substitute for mi2 or vice versa. This strict distinction exists for all of the syllables marked in gray.
This usage is also found in the verb morphology. The Quadrigrade (四段?) conjugation is as follows:
| Verb Class | Irrealis 未然形 |
Adverbial 連用形 |
Conclusive 終止形 |
Attributive 連体形 |
Realis 已然形 |
Imperative 命令形 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quadrigrade (四段) | -a | -i1 | -u | -u | -e2 | -e1 |
The verb /sak-/ "bloom" has Quadrigrade (四段?) conjugation class. Thus, its conjugation is as follows:
| Verb Class | Irrealis 未然形 |
Adverbial 連用形 |
Conclusive 終止形 |
Attributive 連体形 |
Realis 已然形 |
Imperative 命令形 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | saka | saki1 | saku | saku | sake2 | sake1 |
It should be noted that before the Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai discovery, it was thought that Quadrigrade (四段?) Realis (已然形?) and Imperative (命令形?) shared the same form: -e. However, after the discovery, it became clear that Realis (已然形?) was -e2 while Imperative (命令形?) was -e1.
Also, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai has a profound effect on etymology. It was once thought that /kami/ "above" and /kami/ "god" shared the same etymology, a god being an entity high above. However, after the discovery, it is known that "above" is /kami1/ while "god" is /kami2/. Thus, they are distinct words.
[edit] Man'yōgana Chart
Following is a chart listing syllable and Man'yōgana correspondences.
| /a/ | 阿 | 安 | 婀 | 鞅 | 英 | 吾 | 足 | 嗚呼 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | 伊 | 夷 | 怡 | 以 | 異 | 已 | 移 | 易 | 揖 | 因 | 印 | 壱 | 射 | 胆 | 五十 | 馬声 | |||||||||||||
| /u/ | 汗 | 有 | 宇 | 于 | 羽 | 烏 | 紆 | 萬 | 雲 | 鬱 | 菟 | 鵜 | 卯 | 鸕 | 得 | ||||||||||||||
| /e/ | 衣 | 愛 | 依 | 亜 | 哀 | 埃 | 榎 | 荏 | 得 | 可愛 | |||||||||||||||||||
| /o/ | 意 | 於 | 隠 | 飫 | 淤 | 憶 | 応 | 邑 | 磤 | 乙 | |||||||||||||||||||
| /ka/ | 加 | 可 | 賀 | 珂 | 迦 | 訶 | 箇 | 嘉 | 架 | 伽 | 歌 | 舸 | 軻 | 柯 | 介 | 甘 | 敢 | 甲 | 漢 | 干 | 葛 | 香 | 各 | 覚 | 髪 | 鹿 | 蚊 | 芳 | 歟 |
| /ga/ | 奇 | 宜 | 何 | 我 | 賀 | 河 | 蛾 | 餓 | 峨 | 俄 | 鵝 | ||||||||||||||||||
| /ki1/ | 支 | 吉 | 岐 | 伎 | 棄 | 枳 | 企 | 耆 | 祇 | 祁 | 寸 | 杵 | 来 | ||||||||||||||||
| /ki2/ | 帰 | 貴 | 紀 | 幾 | 奇 | 騎 | 綺 | 寄 | 記 | 基 | 機 | 己 | 既 | 気 | 城 | 木 | 樹 | 黄 | |||||||||||
| /gi1/ | 芸 | 祇 | 岐 | 伎 | 儀 | 蟻 | 𡺸 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| /gi2/ | 疑 | 宜 | 義 | 擬 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| /ku/ | 久 | 玖 | 口 | 句 | 群 | 苦 | 丘 | 九 | 鳩 | 倶 | 区 | 勾 | 矩 | * | 衢 | 窶 | 屨 | 君 | 訓 | 菊 | 来 | ||||||||
| /gu/ | 具 | 遇 | 求 | 隅 | 虞 | 愚 | 群 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| /ke1/ | 祁 | 家 | 計 | 鶏 | 介 | 奚 | 谿 | 価 | 係 | 結 | 稽 | 啓 | 兼 | 監 | 険 | 異 | |||||||||||||
| /ke2/ | 居 | 気 | 希 | 挙 | 既 | 該 | 戒 | 階 | 開 | 愷 | 凱 | 慨 | 概 | 毛 | 食 | 飼 | 消 | 笥 | |||||||||||
| /ge1/ | 下 | 牙 | 雅 | 夏 | 霓 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| /ge2/ | 義 | 宜 | 㝵 | 礙 | 皚 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| /ko1/ | 古 | 故 | 高 | 庫 | 祜 | 姑 | 狐 | 枯 | 固 | 顧 | 子 | 児 | 籠 | 小 | 粉 | ||||||||||||||
| /ko2/ | 己 | 許 | 巨 | 居 | 去 | 虚 | 忌 | 挙 | * | 拠 | 渠 | 金 | 今 | 近 | 乞 | 興 | 木 | ||||||||||||
| /go1/ | 胡 | 呉 | 候 | 後 | 虞 | 吾 | 誤 | 悟 | 娯 |
[edit] Development
The distinction between /mo1/ and /mo2/ is only made in the oldest text: Kojiki. After that, they merged into /mo/.
In later texts, confusion between type A and B can be seen. Nearly all of the A/B distinctions had vanished by the Classical Japanese period. As seen in early Heian Period texts such as Kogoshūi (古語拾遺?), the final syllables to be distinguished were /ko1, go1/ and /ko2, go2/. After the merger, CV1 and CV2 became CV.
[edit] Bibliography
- 時代別国語大辞典：上代編 (1967). Sanseidō
- Ōno, Susumu (1982). 仮名遣と上代語. 岩波書店.
