Józef Bem
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Józef Zachariasz Bem, Bem József in Hungarian (March 14, 1794, Tarnów in Galicia—December 10, 1850, Aleppo, Ottoman Syria), was a Polish general and a national hero of Poland and Hungary, and a figure intertwined with other European nationalisms. Just as Tadeusz Kościuszko (who fought in the American War of Independence) or Jan Henryk Dąbrowski (who fought alongside Napoleon Bonaparte in Italy and the Russian campaign), Bem fought outside Poland's borders for the future of Poland; he fought everywhere his leadership and military skills were needed.
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[edit] Early life
Bem was born in the area of Poland that had become part of the Habsburg Monarchy through the First Partition (in 1772). After the creation of the tiny Duchy of Warsaw on the territories captured by Napoleon, he moved with his parents to Kraków, where after finishing military school (where he distinguished himself in mathematics) he joined the ducal forces as a fifteen-year-old cadet. Bem joined a Polish artillery regiment as a sub-lieutenant and then lieutenant in the French service, took part in the Russian campaign of 1812, and subsequently distinguished himself in the defence of Danzig (January-November 1813), winning the cross of the Legion of Honour.
After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Duchy of Warsaw was transformed into the constitutional Kingdom of Poland, a dependent territory of the Russian Empire, and Bem became a teacher at a military college. There he carried out research on a newly designed type of rocket-like missile, publishing his research along with extensive illustrations.
Bem became involved in a conspiracy to restore Poland to full independence, but, when his membership in a secret patriotic organisation was discovered, he was degraded and sentenced (in 1822) to one year in prison. Although the verdict was suspended, Bem resigned his commission and moved to Galicia. In Galicia he researched steam engines and their application, and again published his results. Józef Bem lived in Lviv and Brody until 1830, where he planned to write a treatise on the steam-engine.
[edit] November Uprising
When the November Uprising of the Polish War of Independence broke out on 29 November, 1830, Bem immediately joined the Polish insurgents. He arrived in Warsaw, being given a major's commission and the command of the 4th Light Cavalry Battery, which he led during the Battles of Iganie and Ostrołęka. During the Battle of Ostrołęka, Bem's forces bravely charged at the Russian opponents. Although the Polish army suffered a serious defeat with a loss of 6,000 men, Bem's actions prevented the destruction of the entire army. For his valour on the battlefield, Bem was awarded the Virtuti Militari Golden Cross and promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. He was steadfastly against capitulation until the very end of the Uprising, during the desperate defence of Warsaw against Prince Paskievich (September 27, 1831. Nonetheless, the Polish army was eventually compelled to lay down arms on 5 October, 1831, and crossed the Russian-Prussian partitional border under the command of General Maciej Rybiński (see Great Emigration).
[edit] First exile
Then Bem escaped to Paris, where he supported himself by teaching mathematics. In France, he published his next work, on the National Uprising in Poland, in which he not only gave an appraisal the 1831 insurrection, but also tried to present a programme for the continuation of the struggle for the country's freedom.
In 1833 he went to Portugal to assist the liberal Dom Pedro against the reactionary Dom Miguel, but abandoned the idea when it was found that a Polish legion could not be formed. In Portugal, he was the target of an assassination attempt, carried out by Russian agents.
[edit] 1848 hero
A wider field for his activity presented itself in 1848 (along with the Austrian Revolution). First he attempted to hold Vienna against the imperial troops of Windisch-Graetz, and, after the capitulation, hastened to Bratislava/Pozsony to offer his services to Lajos Kossuth, first defending himself, in a long memorial, from the accusations of treachery to the Polish cause and of aristocratic tendencies - which the more fanatical section of the Polish émigré Radicals repeatedly brought against him. He was entrusted with the defence of Transylvania at the end of 1848, and in 1849, as general of the Székely troops, he performed miracles with his little army, notably at the bridge of Piski (February 9), where, after fighting all day, he drove back an immense force of pursuers.
After recovering Transylvania he was sent to drive the Austrian general Anton Freiherr von Puchner out of the Banat region. Bem defeated him at Orşova (May 16), but the Russian invasion recalled him to Transylvania. From the 12th to 22nd of July he was fighting continually, but finally, on July 31, his army was annihilated by overwhelming numbers in the Battle of Segesvár (near Sighişoara/Schäßburg/Segesvár), Bem escaping only after feigning death. Yet he fought a fresh action at Groß-Scheueren on August 6, and contrived to bring off the fragments of his host to the Battle of Temesvár (near Timişoara), to aid the hardly-pressed general Henryk Dembiński. Bem was in command and was seriously wounded in the last pitched battle of the war, fought there on August 9.
[edit] Second exile and death
On the collapse of the rebellion he fled to the Ottoman Empire, where he adopted Islam, and under the name of Murad or Yusuf Paşa/Pasha served as governor of Aleppo.
[edit] Character and legacy
Bem was a man respected for his courage and heroic temper, both in contrast with his diminutive stature. His influence is said to have been magnetic: although none of his Székely subordinates understood the language he spoke, most regarded him with superstitious reverence.
As a soldier Bem was remarkable for his excellent handling of artillery and the rapidity of his marches.
A statue to his honour has been erected at Târgu-Mureş/Marosvásárhely, but he lives still more enduringly in the verses of the national poet Sándor Petőfi, who fell in the fatal action of the 31st of July at Segesvár.
His remains were brought back to Poland in 1929 and laid to rest in a mausoleum in Tarnów.
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. In turn, it gives the following references:
- Johann Czetz, Memoiren über Bems Feldzug (Hamburg, 1850)
- Kálmán Deresnyi, General Bem's Winter Campaign in Transylvania, 1848-1849 (Hung.), (Budapest, 1896).
