Iullus Antonius
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Iullus Antonius Creticus (45 BC-2 BC), also known as Iulus, Julus, Jullus or Julius Antony, was the second son of Mark Antony and his third wife Fulvia. He is best known for being the most famous lover of Julia the Elder. He was the full brother of Marcus Antonius Antyllus, half-brother to Clodia Pulchra — first wife of Augustus — through his mother's first marriage, Antonia Major and Antonia Minor through his father's marriage to Octavia Minor and Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphus through his father's marriage to Cleopatra. He was stepbrother to Marcellus, Claudia Marcella Major (Later his wife) and Claudia Marcella Minor, and stepson to Octavia Minor (Sister of Augustus) and Cleopatra.
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[edit] Life
Born in Rome, Iullus and his elder brother had a disruptive childhood. His mother Fulvia gained many enemies including Octavian (nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar). His half-sister, Clodia Pulchra had been Octavian's first wife, however in 41 BC he divorced Clodia without ever having consummated the marriage and married Scribonia (who would later mother Julia, Octavian's only child). Fulvia saw this as an insult on her family and, together with Lucius Antonius (Iullus' uncle) they raised eight legions in Italy to fight for Antonius' rights against Octavian. The army occupied Rome for a short time, but eventually retreated to Perusia (modern Perugia). Octavian besieged Fulvia and Lucius Antonius in the winter of 41 - 40 BC, starving them into surrender. Fulvia was exiled to Sicyon, where she died of a sudden illness.
In the same year of Fulvia's death, his father Mark Antony re-married the elder sister of Octavian, Octavia. The marriage had to be approved by the Senate as Octavia was pregnant with her first husband's child (Claudia Marcella Minor) at the time. The marriage was for political purposes to cement an alliance between Octavian and Mark Antony. Octavia appears to have been a loyal and faithful wife who was good and treated her husband's children with the same kindness as her own. Between 40 BC–36 BC, Octavia lived with him in his Athenian mansion. She raised both of Mark Antony's sons and her children by her first husband together for the years of her marriage to their father. They all travelled with him to various provinces. During the marriage Octavia produced two daughters named Antonia Major and Antonia Minor.
In 36 BC, Mark Antony abandoned Octavia and their children for his former lover Cleopatra VII (they had already met in 41 BC and had twins). Mark Antony divorced her circa 32 BC, after she had supplied him with men and troops in 35 BC (to be used in his eastern campaigns). His brother Antyllus, remained with their father while Iullus and their half-sisters returned to Rome with Octavia Minor. Antyllus, was raised by Cleopatra beside his father's children by her and their stepbrother Caesarion.
After his father's defeat in the naval Battle of Actium in which, Antony and Cleopatra's navy was destroyed, and they were forced to escape to Egypt. In August 30 BC, assisted by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, he invaded Egypt. With no other refuge to escape to, Iullus' father, Mark Antony committed suicide by falling on his sword in the mistaken belief that Cleopatra had already done so. A few days later, Cleopatra herself committed suicide.
Octavian and his army seized control of Egypt and claimed it as part of the Roman Empire. While Iullus' elder brother Antyllus, his stepbrother Caesarion were murdered by Octavian, he showed his half siblings Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene (II) and Ptolemy Philadelphus (Cleopatra) some mercy. Octavian gave his half siblings to Iullus' first stepmother Octavia Minor to be raised as Roman citizens. In 27 BC they returned to Rome, and Octavian was given then title of Augustus.
[edit] Career and marriage
In 21 BC he married Octavia's daughter from her first marriage, Claudia Marcella Major. Marcella had been previously married to Marcus Agrippa, but he had divorced her to marry Augustus' daughter Julia. Their son was Lucius Antonius. They may have also had a daughter Iulla Antonia. He was praetor in 13 BC, consul in 10 BC and Asian proconsul in 7 BC (Velleius [2.100].) Twelve volumes of his poetry have survived.
[edit] Julia the Elder
Though when it began is unsure, Iullus Antonius became the lover of Julia Augusti who was Caesar Augustus' daughter. Julia's marriage to her third husband Tiberius had become a disaster and she was desperate to divorce him if not satisfy her desires, and Iullus was open to do so. It was said that Iullus Antonius had designs upon the monarchy (LV.10.12-16), and wanted to marry Julia before her children Gaius and Lucius had come of age possibly to form some sort of regency (Dio 55. 10.15). It is unlikely, however, that Julia would have put her father or her sons at risk.
The scandal finally broke in 2 BC, Augustus took action on his daughter Julia's copious promiscuity, Antonius was exposed as her prominent lover. The other men accused of adultery with Julia were exiled but Iullus was not so lucky. He was charged with treason and sentenced to death; subsequently, he committed suicide. Iullus Antonius is on the Ara Pacis in Rome.
[edit] Family connections
Iullus Antonius was connected to many members of the imperial family through blood and marriage. As the result of his parents' marriages and his own, he was connected to various families in Rome.
- His biological parents were:
- Fulvia, his mother
- Mark Antony, his father
- His full brother was Marcus Antonius Antyllus
- His stepmothers were:
- Octavia Minor (Sister of Augustus)
- Cleopatra VII of Egypt
- His half siblings were
- From his mother's first marriage:
- Clodia Pulchra (First wife of Augustus)
- From his father's marriage to Octavia:
- Antonia Major (Grandmother of Empress Valeria Messalina)
- Antonia Minor (Mother of Emperor Claudius)
- From his father's marriage to Cleopatra:
- From his mother's first marriage:
- His step-siblings were
- From his father's marriage to Octavia:
- Marcellus (First husband of Julia the Elder)
- Claudia Marcella Major (His future wife)
- Claudia Marcella Minor
- From his father's marriage to Cleopatra:
- Caesarion (Son of Julius Caesar)
- From his father's marriage to Octavia:
- His children through Claudia Marcella Major
- His stepdaughter was Vipsania Marcella
Through all of these family ties, he is also the step-nephew of Augustus and step-cousin of Julia the Elder, Augustus' daughter, therefore he was also step-cousin to Julia's children also. Through his sister Antonia Minor, he was uncle to Germanicus, Livilla and Emperor Claudius and great-uncle to Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger (Julia's granddaughter and Claudius' wife) as well as other children fathered by Germanicus and his wife Agrippina the Elder (Daughter of Julia and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa), thus being the great-great-uncle to Emperor Nero. Through his sister Antonia Major and Claudia Marcella Minor, he was also great-uncle to Valeria Messalina.
[edit] Iullus in popular culture
Iullus is portrayed in many modern literature and television adaptations in a variety of ways. Many modern writers portray him as a womanizer and stress on the relationship between him and Julia, be it political or romantic.
[edit] Literature
- In I, Claudius, a novel by Robert Graves
- Briefly mentioned as being Julia's current lover at the time of her exile. He is the only one forced to commit suicide because Augustus couldn't stand the thought of his daughter and Mark Antony's son together.
- In I Loved Tiberius, a novel by Elisabeth Dored
- Iullus and his sister Antonia Major are Julia's best friends throughout the novel. After Tiberius retires to Rhodes, Iullus admits to Julia that he's in love with her. It is unclear if they have a sexual relationship or not.
- In Augustus: A Novel by John Williams
- Iullus is honourable, he admires Augustus at first and hates his father Mark Antony. However, after falling in love with Julia, he plots to have Tiberius murdered in order to free her from her marriage to him when Augustus does not grant a divorce.
- In Caesar's Daughter a novel by Edward Burton
- Iullus is ambitious but loyal to the Julian family, and secretly wishes to marry Julia. He pursues Julia sexually and tries to convince her help him murder Tiberius. Subsequently, Iullus and his political friends are all accused of conspiring against Tiberius and Augustus as well as adultery with Julia.
- In Augustus and Tiberius novels by Allan Massie
- Iullus is described as cruel, spiteful and full of hate without a trace of goodness. He eggs Julia on with her adulteries and plots to murder both Augustus and Tiberius, and marry Julia. In Tiberius, he confides in Tiberius that he wishes to marry Julia.
[edit] Television
- In the British/Italian mini series, Imperium: Augustus
- Iullus was portrayed by Juan Diego Botto as the handsome, ambitious son of Mark Antony, who wants revenge for his father's death. However after falling in love with Julia, he is pressured into treason by Cornelius Scipio. He is executed by Tiberius by (Lex Iulia) his right of the law. He plays a major role in the film, being the driving force behind a plot to assassinate Augustus.
In the BBC Television mini series adaptation of I, Claudius, Iullus Antonius is oddly absent from the tale. When Julia is accused of having her affairs, Iullus Antonius' name is not mentioned. Historically, Iullus was Julia's most famous and noted lover. The discovery of their affair both shocked and humiliated Julia's father, Augustus. (It should also be noted that Julia's other alleged lovers were also missing from the list of her lovers.)
[edit] See also
| Preceded by Quintus Aelius Tubero and Paullus Fabius Maximus |
Consul of the Roman Empire 10 BC |
Succeeded by Nero Claudius Drusus and Titus Quinctius Crispinus Sulpicianus |
