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Talk:Islamic architecture/Restructure
situated in an Islamic country, it doesn't mean it is part of Islamic Architecture. So would someone take it off before someone believe this common mistake.
--Abdullah Geelah 20:35, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
Can we somehow discuss in slightly greater the potential problematics of the term "Islamic architecture"--for instance, why can there be "Islamic architecture" and not a "Christian architecture", or is there? ~ Dpr 05:32, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
- I think it is because many elements of this architecture stem from ideological principles of Islam. For a detailed discussion see: The Sense of Unity : The Sufi Tradition in Persian Architecture, ISBN: 1871031788
- Most people mean "architecture from the Islamic era" when using the pharse "Islamic Architecture" anyway.--Zereshk 15:32, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
- Generally it has its own catagory and many books are written on the topic.
- In reponse to the above regarding "Christian architecture" I think we can definitely say there is such a thing - certainly Gothic architecture, built in an era when european societies were a. very theologised and b. much more homogenous - represent a christian architecture which wasn't always strictly confined to the building of churches. A definition of Islamic architecture then, perhaps becomes the architecture of the religious buildings associated with the religion (fairly obviously) and also those secular buildings heavily influenced by the themes and traditions of the religious. --Mcginnly | Natter 09:17, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
- Having completed my reading - Croppelstone puts forwards a much better definitions relating to 4 main building types that islamic architecture developed to excellence and then sees the minor building types as being derivative - "The principal architectural types of Islam are the mosque, the tomb, the fort and the palace. Public baths, fountains, and domestic architecture employ features drawn from the major types." I'm going to summariase cropplestone below and then perhaps we can all discuss how best to organise it in the current article?--Mcginnly | Natter 17:48, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
Architecture of Africa is currently nominated on Wikipedia:Article Improvement Drive. Come to this page and support it with your vote. Help us improve this article to featured status.--Fenice 08:45, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
[edit] Picture
About a picture, some good examples would be the Alhambra palace in Spain, the Taj Mahal, Agra, India(overused but noteworthy); the Dome of the Rock, Jeruslaem; The Shah's Mosque of Isfahan, Iran; The Badshahi mosque, Lahore, Pakistan; The Great Mosque of Xi'an, China; Shalimar Gardens of Lahore, Pakistan; The Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey; The Mosque of Timbuktu, Mali. Here are a bunch of diverse examples, not all of them mosques, either.
Raja 07:48, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
I like your list. There's quite a bit of overlap with Cropplestones which I'll reproduce below to see what wikipedia has already on the subject:-
- Quba Mosque first mosque (other than the Ka'ba) according to muslem tradition.
- Al-Masjid al-Nabawi Prophet mosque - founded only days after Quba - first 'friday mosque'
- (Sometime before 632) Rebuilding of the Ka'ba at Mecca probably by a shipwrecked abyssinian carpenter. Notable for 1. being constructed whilst Mohammed was alive. 2. Walls were decorated with paintings of Mary, Jesus, Abraham, prophets, angels and trees - the banning of icons arose during the eighth century and was enshrined in Hadith not in the Koran.[1] unclear if this is the Ka'ba itself or the construction of the Masjid al-Haram - find date source for Masjid al-Haram.
- 643 Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem - earliest surving monument of Moslem architecture [1]
- Mshatta facade - Desert palace, Mshatta - Ornamental frieze - zigzags, rosettes, tracery [2]
- C8 Blue Mosque, Jame? (congregational) Isfahan, - first fretted and inlaid window. Strictly no men or animals in mosiac. - continuity from byzantine tradition.
- 707 Grand Mosque, Damascus - oldest congregational mosque to survive.
- 724-728 Mosque of Oqba, Qairawan Tower and (670) mosque, Tunis - single huge minaret occupies the centre of an enclosing wall, a development of the fortress gate combined with a landmark that indicated the sheltered enclosure for travellers - basic form of the Moslem plan.[2]
- 762 Baghdad planned from scratch - city was laid out in circular plan in ash before construction commenced.4 gate houses at cardinal postions of note - a form to be repeated in the Temple of Heaven. Bent entry for defensive purposes.
- 786 Mosque at Cordoba, Spain. arcaded hall baed on that of Qairawan.
- 878 Ibn Tulun Mosque, Cairo - nomadic influence, non-urban, influence of fortified enclosure round a well - oasis architecture.
- C10 Masjid-i-Jami,Great Mosque of Esfahan? Isfahan. Persian Moslem architecture - elaborate ornament spreads everywhere but never dominate the structure. Entrance has tiered Squinches one above the other to form enormous apse. Moslem use of architectural inscription both in cursive and the very geometric Kufic scripts have never been paralleled in Western architecture.
- C10 Masjid-i-Jami, Nayriz, Shiraz, Iran.
- (undated medieval) Walls of Marrakech massive masonry, decorative comparison with european gothic tracery.
- Early C13 Arcade of the Great Mosque at Ajmer - straight sided pointed arches are corbelled.
- 1230 Court of Lions Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain - massive irrigation projects perfected in Morocco brought to spain to supply fountains. Shelter from the sun by means of arcades. Stalactite detail. Salon de los Ajimeces - brick islamic dome, phenomenal ceiling detail.
- 1251 Door of mosque Indjeminarali, Konya, TurkeyInterlaced and palmette designs fill the arcade above a range of engages columns like those flanking western church porches. Both derive from the same source, the Roman arch with it's columns attached.
- 1284 Qala'un Mosque, Cairo Roman ruins providing ready made building materials for columns capitals etc.
Interior of Shah Cheragh Mausoleum.
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Another view of Interior of Shah Cheragh.
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An old photo of Shah Cheragh.
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- 1405 Gur-e Amir, Samarkand Persian and central Asian domes resemble the Cairene but with additional slight swell at the base. Often gadrooned ribbed or fluted - cross section is saracens helmet.
- 1418 Gowhar Shad Mosque, Meshed, Shrine of Imam Riza was built continuously from the 11th to the 19th century. Mosque built by order of Queen Gowhar Shad. Intense colour - finest building of complex.
- 1424 Green Mosque, Bursa - corbelling brick fills corners of a square plan to form circle from which a generally shallow dome can spring.
- 1362 Sultan Hassan Mosque, Cairo - example of cruciform plan - The four arms relate to the four rites of orthodox Islam.
- 1436-1480 Qait Bey Mosque, Cairo - Funery mosque - two toned materials for banding, minaret has 3 tiered galleries - byzantine fortification is the prototype.
- 1550 Sahasram, Bengal Giant lotus shaped dome is structural not a tumulus. completely symmetrical like early stupas - a circle on a square.
- 1556 Fatehpur Sikri near Agra, India capital brackets of the same hindu designs as those at Sanchi but the human figure is turned into abstract arabesque.
- 1557 Suleiman Mosque, Istanbul Notable as a pure byzantine structure being erected as late as the mid sixteenth century - traditional courtyard of the mosque had become a forecourt rather than integrated into the plan.
- C16 Diwan-i-Khas, Fatehpur, Shekhawati heavily bracketed balconies and overhanging roofs in the indian tradition. Pillar, lintel and canopy. Symmetrical four-square building owe much to Hindu palace tradition.
- 1650 Pearl Mosque, Agra scalloped edges to arched collonades (actually shaped corbels in tiers)
- 1700 Chehel Sotoun Palace, Isfahan porch with trabeated construction - directly influenced from Graeco-Persian traditions.[3]
View of Chehel-sotoon Palace.
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Golden honeycomb shaped facade.
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Night view of the palace.
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[edit] featured article candidate
From the beginning there seems to be some confusion as to whether general Islamic architecture is going to be discussed, or muslim cultural architecture. Then towards the end the article evolves into a discussion if mosque architecture. Architecture being such a broad word and field, either Islamic architecture needs to be discussed as a whole, with mosques a part of that whole, or this needs to be redefined as an article on mosque architecture.
Bozone 16:28, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
[edit] Influences on Islamic architecture
[edit] Influence beyond Islam
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- The continuous influence from the East is strangely shown in the fashion of decorating external brick walls of churches built about the 12th century, in which bricks roughly carved into form are set up so as to make bands of ornamentation which it is quite clear are imitated from Cufic writing. This fashion was associated with the disposition of the exterior brick and stone work generally into many varieties of pattern, zig-zags, key-patterns &c.; and, as similar decoration is found in many Persian buildings, it is probable that this custom also was derived from the East
[edit] Pevsner on the subject
- The origins are very obscure. The Bedouin Arabs, who were the original followers of Mohammed and responsible for the first islamic conquests in Syria, Palestine, and Persia, were a nomadic people who lived in tents. In the cities they conquered they began by converting old buildings, and christian churches became mosques; in damascus a pagan temple transformed into a Christian church was incorporated into the Great Mosque (706-15). The earliest and one of the most beautiful of islamic buildings is the Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, built as a sanctuary (not as a mosque)[there's some debate about this] on a circular plan (685-705, but much altered later, especially in 1561 when the exterior was cased in Persian tiles and the interior lined with marble). The first minarets were converted church towers in Syria, and that built a Kairouan, Tunisia (724-7), is modelled on such a tower. True to their nomadic origins the Umayyad rulers preferred desert residences to town palaces. Several survive in ruins - Qasr al-Hair (728-9); Mshatta near Amman, Jodan31°44′28″N, 36°05′40″E; and Qasr at-Tuba31°19′35″N, 36°34′22″E in the Wadi Ghadorf near Amman. In plan these groups of buildings were derived from Roman frontier stations. Both religious and secular buildings of the period incorporate elements which were to become distinguishing features of islamic architecture: The horseshoe arch, tunnel vaults of stone and brick, rich surface decoration in carved stone, mosaic, and painting. During the Umayyad period the mosque took its permanent architectural form, dictated by liturgical needs - minarets from which the faithful could be called to prayer; a wide courtyard with a central fountain for ablutions, with surrounding colonnades to give protection from the sun; a large praying chamber, marked externally by a dome (as a sign of importance) and internally by the mihrab or niche indicating the direction of Mecca, towards which the faithful must turn in prayer. The last survivor of the Umayyad dynasty became the founder of the Emirates at Cordoba in Spain, where the early style of Islamic architecture was brought to perfection in the Mezquita (786-990)
- Under the Abassids who surplanted the Umayyads in 750, Persian influence began to dominate the Islamic world. The main achievements in architecture were the foundation of the new capital at Baghdad, built on a circular plan (762-7, now largely destroyed) and, slightly later, the smaller city of Ar Raqqah, Syria of which little survives except its richly decorated gateways. It was at this period that Islamic architecture began to depart radically from Hellenistic and Byzantine conventions. An elaborate court etiquette, derived from persia and contrary to Bedouin ideas of informality, was introduced, and palaces were designed for the new caliphs on more formal and grandiose lines, e.g. the palaces of Ukhaidir and Samarra in Iraq. These large buildings were run up very quickly; stone was abandoned in favour of brick and there was much use of decorative stucco. The main C9 achievements were the great mosque of Kairouan, Tunisia (836); the Bu Fatata Mosque, Susa, Tunisia (850-1); the Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq with its strange ziggurat-like minaret (c850) and the very well preserved Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo (876-7). Building materials were usually rough but dressed with intricate geometrical or floral surface decorations in painted stucco, mosaic, glazed tiles, or shallow relief carving. Local traditions influenced the decorative styles in various regions (See Indian pakistan, persian and turkish architecture)
- In the original nucleus of the Islamic world the most notable later mosques are, The Blue Mosque of Tabriz, Persia (1204), Cairo (Mosque of Sultan Barquq 1384) and the mosque at Isfahan, Persia (1585). Most of the earlier religious builings, including the Masjid-el-aksa and the Dome of the Rock in jerusalem, were also altered and more richly decorated in these centuries. In southern spain a local style of great oppulence was developed; it's principle monuments are the Giralda tower, Seville (1159) and the Alhambra (1309-54)[4]. --Mcginnly | Natter 21:01, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
[edit] Curl on the subject
Term covering a huge range of buildings and stylistic variations, but generally associated with buildings connected to the followers of Mohammed. Islamic architecture has several characteristic features, including the pointed, multifoil, low, wide, four centred and horseshoe arch, the Muqarna or stalactite corbel clasdding of coloured glazed earthenware and patterned tilework, fretted gables of stone, marble or stucco, and above all, coherent and serene geometry. Domes, minarets, cloisters, and elaborate battlements, often of the almena typ, are commonly associated with Islamic buildings.
Islamic architecture has influenced design in the West, notably the pointed arch and cusping in the medieval period, and the stylistic aspects of so-called Moresque architecture in which elements of Islamic, especially Moorish architecture (e.g. the Alhambra, Granada, Spain]] were used as part of the European enchantment with exotic oriental styles in C18 (e.g. the work of Sir William Chambers at Kew) and C19 (e.g. Friedrich Ludwig Persius's house at Potsdam (1841-2) and George Aitchison Junior's Arab Hall in Kensington (1877-9). --Mcginnly | Natter 22:39, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
[edit] Paradise garden
We need a mention of paradise gardens - does anyone have a plan of the Taj Mahal garden (or any other paradise garden)? --Mcginnly | Natter 21:18, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
I'm going to remove the translations of islamic architecture from the Lead - I'm not sure what their purpose is and the list is rather incomplete and arbitrary - why is persian there, but not indian, malaysian, french or spanish etc - translation helps with places and names of buildings etc by giving the reader the local name should he wish to go there, but to translate the name of an architectural movement into every language in the world is not what en.wikipedia is about in my opinion.--Mcginnly | Natter 11:57, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
- I think you should remove it from this article but different languages help us to understand and the point is that Persian, Arabic and Turkish are the major languages in the Islamic world. However, can you keep Arabic as it is the main language of Islam???
Abdullah Geelah 21:34, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
- ^ a b Copplestone, p.149
- ^ a b Copplestone, p.150
- ^ a b Copplestone, p.160
- ^ Pevsner, p.113
[edit] External links
[edit] Too many external links
There are too many external links. Does anyone want to sort through them and remove any? Firstly remove any that may violate WP:EL --Merbabu 06:04, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
