International Typographical Union

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ITU

International Typographical Union
Date dissolved	December 31, 1986
Merged into	CWA IBT
Country	United States

The International Typographical Union (ITU) was a labor union founded on May 3, 1852, in the United States as the National Typographical Union. In 1869, at the Albany, N.Y. Convention, it changed its name to the International Typographical Union so as to indicate the presence of members from Canada. In 1987, the Printers merged with the Communications Workers of America and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. As of 2006, the ITU is the oldest surviving trade union in the United States.

The ITU was an industrial union with members involved in all aspects of the printing process. For the first five decades of its existence, the union wielded influence far greater than its numbers. Printers were economically mobile and articulate, which enabled them to influence the political process more readily than ill-educated blue-collar workers. The nature of the printing industry also provided the printers with economic strength. Newspapers existed in virtually every major urban center in every section of the country, and with them came the typographers' union. Printers had the ability to shutter the employers' mouthpiece, giving the union more power than the employer could muster. ITU President W.B. Prescott, aware of this power, led the ITU in 1897 to win the best working conditions in the American publishing industry — a 48-hour work week and a standard wage scale for all printers in the city. The ITU was also a progressive union, and sought to eradicate discrimination on the basis of race or sex. Women, namely Miss Augusta Lewis, Miss Mary Moore and Miss Eva Howard, were permitted to join the union in 1869, making the ITU one of the first unions to admit female members.

The ITU is notable for its long history of democracy, popularized by the 1957 book Union Democracy. The local scale committees worked for a decent wage while the executive council sent ITU representatives to assist local unions in contract negotiations. All contracts had to be approved and ratified by both the Executive Council and the newspaper publisher. For most of its history, the ITU benefited from friendly and strong competition between Independants and Progressives for control of the union. Today, however, the ITU has been marginalized, due to the general elimination of typographers thanks to mechanization. The remnants of the union are the CWA and IBT.

Contents 1 Formation 2 Original Chartered Typographical Locals -- May 5, 1852 3 International Headquarters Offices 4 Union Printers Home 5 Women's International Auxiliary 6 Fragmentation 7 Allied Printing Trades Association 8 AFL 9 Mailers 10 Fight for better working conditions 11 ITU role in forming the CIO 12 Woodruff Randolph 13 Decline 14 Fall 15 ITU Goes Out of Business 16 Printers Merge With CWA 17 Mailers Merge With IBT 18 NPP 19 References 20 See also 21 External links

[edit] Formation

The concept for a typographical union was formed at a New York City meeting of 18 representatives from typographers' associations in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Kentucky in December 1850. A committee led by John Keyser of Philadelphia was formed to investigate issues and propose a plan of action.

The representatives met again in Baltimore in September 1851. While they resolved to form a national union, no other actions were taken.

Finally, delegates from typographers' unions in 14 cities met in Cincinnati, Ohio, in May 1852 and organized the National Typographical Union. A random drawing enabled the Indianapolis local to become Local Union #1 and the new headquarters. In 1869, a new Constitution was adopted, accepting the affiliation of Canadian printing trade unions and changing the name to the International Typographical Union. In 1873, at Montreal, Canada, the first ITU convention outside the United States was held. The ITU Book of Laws would be amended many times, yet it was as members called it "ITU Law." Each union shop was a "Chapel" and the shop steward was the "Chapel Chairman." All apprentices and journeymen had to have working cards showing paid union dues. ITU Law dictated that dues, which were proportionate to the amount of work done in the chapel, had to be paid by the first Tuesday after the last Saturday of the month. If the Union dues were not paid, the member was not allowed to work until their payment.

[edit] Original Chartered Typographical Locals -- May 5, 1852

• Indianapolis, # 1
• Philadelphia, # 2
• Cincinnati, # 3
• Albany, # 4
• Columbus, # 5
• New York, # 6
• Pittsburgh, # 7
• St Louis, # 8
• Buffalo, # 9
• Louisville, # 10
• Memphis, # 11
• Baltimore, # 12
• Boston, # 13
• Harrisburg, # 14

Chartered Later in 1852

• Rochester, # 15
• Chicago, # 16
• New Orleans, # 17
• Detroit, # 18
• Elmira, # 19
• Nashville, # 20
• San Francisco, # 21

The Typographical Journal records in May 1892, there were 300 locals.

[edit] International Headquarters Offices

At the Kansas City ITU convention of 1888, Indianapolis, Indiana was selected as the official headquarters for the International Typographical Union. ITU President Edward T. Plank, declared, "In 1888 [...] all official (ITU) business, together with books, accounts and records shall be kept [...] at the City of Indianapolis, County of Marion, State of Indiana." During the 1927 ITU convention, at Indianapolis, ITU President Charles P. Howard showed delegates the Van Camp Mansion at Meridian and Twenty-Eighth Streets, which was to serve as the ITU headquarters.

The 1959 ITU convention at Philadelphia passed an action to move the ITU headquarters and after 73 years in Indianapolis, it was decided that the headquarters would be moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado. The building began in 1961, the new ITU Headquarters and ITU Training Center being located on the grounds of the Union Printers Home. The final move to Colorado Springs of President Elmer Brown and the Executive Council was completed in February of 1963. The ITU Training Center, which opened on May 5, 1962, would publish The Typographical Journal, The ITU Bulletin, and The ITU Review. The former two were the oldest trade union organs founded in 1889.

[edit] Union Printers Home

In 1889, Colorado Springs, Colorado was chosen as the site of Union Printers Home. George W. Childs, publisher of the Philadelphia Public Ledger and his philanthropist friend Anthony J. Drexel gave a gift of $10,000 in 1886 to start work toward the Home, thus starting a fund which grew. The 1890 ITU convention in Atlanta approved of the Home.

On May 12, 1892, the Childs-Drexel Home for Union Printers opened on 29 acres. "A Home for the Aged and Sanatorium for Tuberculars. Maintained by the International Typographical Union for Its Distressed Members." 19th Century printers suffered from tuberculosis, and the clean air of the Rocky Mountains, Pikes Peak area in Colorado was seen as a location to clean the diseased lungs. The home was open only to members of the ITU; members' wives or widows were not admitted. John D. Vaughn served as 1st Superintendent of the Home, while its first member was W.B. Eckert, a retired member and former officer of the Philadelphia # 2 local. The 1899 ITU convention at Detroit approved the name Union Printers Home. The home, a hospital and sanatorium, was staffed by its own doctors, nurses and other medical techincians. The lands of the home grew to 260 acres. In 1944, Dowell Patterson (1899-1968), superintendent of the home, saw that the most modern of medical equipment was furnished to the UPH. In later years, the tubercular sanitoriums were razed. Today the home serves the people of Colorado Springs and El Paso County as a health care facility with assisted living and nursing care. The main building is a State of Colorado historical site.

[edit] Women's International Auxiliary

The Women's International Auxiliary was formed at the 1902 Cincinnati ITU Convention. The WIA slogan was Spend Union Earned Money for Union Label Products and Union Services. The Women's quarterly publication was, Label Facts. The WIA, Greeting Stamps with the ITU/Allied Printing Trades Logo. The WIA contributed to the Union Printers Home Fund; with various fund raising events. At each ITU convention the WIA would award prizes for the, Union Label Poster contest. The WIA had the same discrimination as the ITU. Only printer wives were eligible to be elected to the WIA local and international offices. After 1948, mailer wives, were only eligible to serve the local and international WIA auxiliary, as 3rd vice president. The Women's International Auxiliary of the International Typographical Union ceased to exist after 1986.

[edit] Fragmentation

Technological developments in the late-1800s such as the development of lithography and photography led to diversification and specialization among printers.

Further fragmentation in the printing labor movement led to the establishment of the International Printing Pressmen Union of North America (IPPU), in 1889. In 1892, the ITU authorized membership for mailers and for newspaper writers. Pressure mounted for a separate pressmen's union, and in 1892 the International Brotherhood of Bookbinders (IBB) was formed. Many pressmen left the ITU for the Bookbinders. At the same time as mailers joined, two thousand pressmen members seceded to form the International Printing Pressmen Union Assistants, (IPPUA) in 1897 and the International Stereotypers' and Electroplater's Union, (IS&EU) in 1902. At the start of the 20th Century, ITU membership would be primarily compositors and mailers.

In 1894, the Louisville convention sought to have president W.B. Prescott examine ways to have newer technology under the ITU. Then, the ITU chartered a photoengravers' union in New York City. Over the next few years, the ITU organized photoengravers in several other cities as well. However, many photoengravers felt that the leaders of the ITU were indifferent to their needs.

In 1899, photoengravers in New York City went on strike to demand a 48-hour work week. ITU President S.B. Donnelly refused to support the local, fearing employers might retaliate. The New York City photoengravers won their strike, but the lack off ITU support led most of the union's photoengraver locals to seek disaffiliation. A national convention in Philadelphia in November 1900 saw the photoengravers leaving the ITU and establishing the International Photo-Engravers' Union of North America. ITU President James M. Lynch, pressured the AFL into refusing to recognize the photoengravers' union until May 1904.

In 1893, the ITU struck Harrison Gray Otis's Los Angeles Times. In 1896, the union began a boycott that ran until 1908. In 1903, ITU President James M. Lynch, persuaded William Randolph Hearst to start a rival paper, the Los Angeles Examiner. On October 1, 1910, the McNamara Brothers, placed a bomb in the L.A. Times. 20 were killed and 17 injured. Despite various job actions that lasted into the 1920s, the L.A. Times remained a non-union shop. This was a major defeat for both the ITU and other trade unions; Los Angeles and Southern California would be lost to trade unions, except in the case of the entertainment industry.

[edit] Allied Printing Trades Association

In March 1911, these five international unions created the Allied Printing Trades Association:

• International Typographical Union
• Pressman
• Bookbinders
• Photo Engravers
• Sterotypers and Electrotypers Unions

In 1955, there was a new agreement, and the following unions were included in the association:

• United Papermakers and Paperworkers
• The Newspaper Guild
• The International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers
• The Plate Printers
• Die Stampers and Engravers

The Mailer unions chatered by the ITU were elgible for membership in Allied Printing Trades Councils. The International Mailers Union was refused memberhip.

[edit] AFL

As early as 1879 The International Typographical was in the forefront of organized labor. The ITU was instrumental in the formation, in 1882, of Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions. In the same time frame, the ITU rejected the Knights of Labor. The AFL presidential election of 1881: William H. Foster of the ITU defeated Samuel Gompers. In 1886, the Cigar Makers Union leader, Samuel Gompers was elected AFL president. The ITU was the largest and strongest union in the American Federation of Labor (AFL). By the end of the 19th century, ITU President S.B. Donnelly, called the ITU the "strongest and most stable printing union in the United States". In 1924, William Green would succeed Gompers as AFL president. The seeds of discord between the AFL and ITU were sown.

[edit] Mailers

Nearly 100 Mailer Locals would be chartered under the ITU. To mark the difference of the Printers and Mailers Unions. The ITU used the M before the local number. In New York City, Typographical # 6 and Mailers, M-6. The position of the mailers was that of second class citizens in the ITU, with no voice on the executive council. Mailers, Cary Weaver and Munro Roberts felt, the needs of mailers fell on deaf printer ears on the ITU executive council.

The Mailers Trade District Union (MTDU), was an internal part of the ITU. Lawsuits from 1926-1944 were fought for mailer rights. The MTDU abolished by court injuntion and referendum vote. In 1929, ITU president Charles P. Howard selected 3rd vice-president, C.N. Smith (a printer) to represent the MTDU. The mailers were allowed to vote in 1930 for their MTDU representative, John Mc Ardle and Harold Mitchell served in 1934. Munro Roberts was elected as MTDU member of the executive council, (1935-1937) but, he had no voice or vote. Roberts after many heated arguments with ITU President Howard and Secretary Randolph; became committed to a separate mailer union. Moreover, The International Mailers' Union (IMU), was created and many shops would have two boards, ITU and IMU. With the departure of Roberts, Thomas J. Martin, represented the MTDU, (1938-1944). The MTDU continued by court order; however, the mailers were again without an observer to the executive council. The 1947, Cleveland convention paved the way for the demise of the MTDU and the election of a mailer to the executive council. Joe Bailey (San Francisco-Oakland Mailers # M-18), was elected 3rd vice-president before the 1948, Milwaukee convention. ITU President Woodruff Randolph saw a way to appease mailers returning after service in World War II. The agreement made between ITU President Randolph and Joe Bailey: Only a Printer would ever be President, 1st and 2nd Vice-President or Secretary-Treasurer of the ITU. The position of 3rd Vice-President, would be held only by a Mailer. The IMU lost much power, to draw new membership. The IMU finally was merged into the ITU in 1982. Joe Bailey served on the ITU executive council until 1973. A mailer would remain, ITU 3rd vice-president: Robert F. Ameln, (1974-1975) and the Canadian mailer, Allen J. Heritage, (1976-1986).

[edit] Fight for better working conditions

From October 1891, the ITU Mortuary Benefits were the most respected in trade unionism.

In 1906, ITU President James M. Lynch decided to use strong tactics and initiated strikes in most major cities, attempting to secure an eight-hour work day. The union had lost a fight for a nine-hour day a few years earlier; however, this time, the union spent over US$4 million supporting its striking locals. Not only did the ITU win an eight-hour work day, but the ITU strike paved the way for similar gains by the five other printing unions.

The ITU was a democratic labor union. Members served a five year apprenticeship and were tested to become journeymen. The Progressives and Independents, gave the union a two party organization. The Progressive party gave most of the leaders to the ITU. In 1907, ITU President James M. Lynch, appointed a special committee, "to formulate some system for the technical trade education of our members and apprentices." The committee selected and President Lynch accepted, the ITU Course of Instruction, thirty-six "Lessons in Printing", courses were first offered to members of Chicago Typographical # 16 by The Inland Printer Technical School of Chicago. Alumni would be future ITU presidents, Woodruff Randolph and John J. Pilch.

In 1914, ITU President James M. Lynch resigned, to become the New York State Commissioner of Labor.

Employers sought concessions after World War I as part of their 'open shop' movement. A key goal was to lengthen the work day to 10 to 12 hours. The wartime ITU president Marsden G. Scott, fought back with massive strikes all over the country. In one period (May to December 1921), new ITU president John Mc Parland, could say the defense fund was secure as the union collected over $6 million in strike donations and spent $5.5 million in strike benefits.

By June 1924, employers had had enough. The three-year running battle with the union had cost owners dearly, and the union preserved its gains. However, the win was one that had cost the health of ITU president, John Mc Parland, who served 1921-1923. Charles P. Howard served out the rest of 1923 as ITU president; being elected in 1924 and serving until 1938.

[edit] ITU role in forming the CIO

The ITU had been actively in organizing new workers for almost 80 years. As the Great Depression created a crisis for American workers, the ITU joined with other unions in the AFL to agitate for more organizing.

In 1935, Charles P. Howard, president of the ITU, joined with John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers; David Dubinsky, of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union; Sidney Hillman, of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America; Thomas McMahon, of the United Textile Workers; John Sheridan, of the Western Federation of Miners|International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers Union; Harvey Fremming, of the Oil Workers Union and Max Zaritsky, of the Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers to form the Committee for Industrial Organization within the AFL.

In 1937,ITU Secretary Randolph, was livid at AFL President William Green. The AFL executive council levied an assessment to fight industrial organization, upon allied unions. The ITU refused to pay, Randolph's reason: "not to pay any assessment levied by any means other than a referendum vote of ITU printers and mailers."

The craft unions within the AFL demanded that the committee stop organizing members on an industrial basis. Lewis and the other members of the CIO persisted.

In 1938, the AFL ejected the eight member unions of the CIO, including the ITU. At the 1938, ITU convention at Birmingham, President Claude M. Baker; disclosed to the delegates the decision of the AFL. Three subsequently unions returned to the AFL. May 21, 1941, the ITU turned down reaffiliation with the AFL; by referendum vote of the ITU members. In 1944, the ITU reaffiliated with the American Federation of Labor. The AFL promised the ITU full autonomy. ITU President Woodruff Randolph and AFL President William Green; re-established and re-affirmed the ITU - AFL relationship, as if no breach had taken place. The five remaining unions subsequently formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations. The CIO rejoined the AFL in 1955, forming the new entity known as the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO). AFL-CIO President George Meany, would have a cool relationship, with all ITU presidents from Randolph to Bingle. ITU President Joe Bingle asked AFL-CIO President Lane Kirkland to speak at the 1983, San Francisco ITU Convention, Kirkland declined.

[edit] Woodruff Randolph

Woodruff Randolph (1892-1966), a printer from Chicago # 16 and attorney - at - law , served as ITU Secretary -Treasurer, 1929-1944. ITU President, 1944-1957. Randolph was very powerful. Many times Randolph usurped, the position of ITU president, Claude M. Baker. The ITU presidential election of 1944, between Baker and Randolph, was one of the most vicious in union history. He loathed the NLRB. During World War II, Randolph dealt with the National War Labor Board. He led the Progressive party of the ITU. At the 1949 Oakland ITU convention; he spoke in the most harsh of terms against the Taft-Hartley Act. The act in favor of the open shop. Chicago # 16, Randolph's home local; the first local hit by Taft-Hartley. November 24, 1947, the Chicago papers went on strike. The strike lasted 22 months. Newspaper publishers called for aid from, the author of the law, U.S. Senator Robert A. Taft, (R-Ohio). The ITU and Woodruff Randolph, won in Chicago. He fought publishers and won in the early 1950's. In 1951, Randolph created Unitypo, the union supported newspaper in struck cities. Unitypo, met with mixed results from the public at large. In the mid-1950's, Randolph embodied the ITU. His power was felt in every ITU shop and feared in every newpapers board room. The printers were shocked, during the 1957 ITU convention in New York; ITU President Woodruff Randolph, would not seek reelection. Woodruff Randolph hand picked the Progressives to run for executive council in 1958. The executive council which with a few changes would control the ITU for nearly twenty years. At the same time the Mc Clellan Committee was investigating organized crime in labor unions. When Dave Beck, president of the Teamsters resigned, in 1957; near the time of Randolph's statement of retirement. Many ITU members wondered about their long time leader. New ITU President Elmer Brown, meekly appeared before the Mc Clellan Committee. He stated, being ITU 2nd Vice - President, (1944-1949);. and serving in various offices, in his home local, New York Typographical # 6, (1945-1957). Brown claimed, during the 1957 ITU convention, Randolph requested Brown, run for president of the ITU. Elmer Brown told the committee he had not been aware of events in Indianapolis, since he left the Executive Council. Woodruff Randolph retired to his homes in Indiana and Florida. October 1, 1966, Woodruff Randolph died, in the Union Printers Home. Randolph was beloved by printers, tolerated by mailers and loathed by newspaper publishers

[edit] Decline

1958-1967, Woodruff Randolph's hand picked Progressive Executive Council, held the longest tenure as a unit in ITU history: Elmer Brown, president; John J. Pilch, 1st vice-president; A. (Alexander) Sandy Bevis, 2nd vice-president,(Canadian); Joseph P. Bailey, 3rd vice-president,(Mailer).Secretary-treasurer Don Hurd died, in 1959, succeeded by William R. Cloud. After Elmer Brown's 1968 death, the ITU presidents: Pilch, 1968-1973 and Bevis 1974-1978.

The Mergenthaler Linotype machine, was used by newspaper printers from the 1880's to the 1970's. Technological progress again confronted the ITU in the post-war period. A number of new advances — including offset lithography, flexography, relief print, screen printing, rotogravure, and digital printing — greatly reduced the number of workers needed in the modern printshop and newspaper composing room.

In 1964, the ITU counted 121,858 members. But by 1980, the union had shed nearly a quarter of its membership due to technological advances. Toward the end of the ITU, the mailers outnumbered the printers. With the disappearance of linotype machines, paste makeup and the advent of computers, the work in the composing rooms dropped. The mail rooms, needed people to work on the inserting machines.

[edit] Fall

Concerned that the union did not have the economic strength to win good wages and benefits for its members and worried that further membership declines might threaten the viability of the union, the ITU leadership sought a merger with another printing union.

The ITU sought to merge with the Newspaper Guild, but terminated negotiations in 1981 after nearly four years of talks. The ITU discussed merging with the Graphic Communications International Union, but the talks did not proceed very far. Later, the GCIU merged into the IBT.

Problems plagued the term of ITU President Joe Bingel 1978-1983. In a contested special election between Bingel and Robert Mc Michen. Mc Michen, the anti-Teamster candidate, won the election, however the ITU was dying.

The ITU executive council subsequently forced president Robert McMichen, to enter into merger talks with the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. IBT President Jackie Presser spoke of merger with the ITU; at the 1983 San Francisco ITU convention. ITU President Joe Bingle risked his leadership post on the ITU-IBT merger, and lost. However, the ITU's 74,000 members, turned down the merger two-to-one in a vote taken in 1985, fearing that the Teamsters could not be trusted to respect the terms of the merger agreement — which included the hallmark of the ITU - Autonomy. The Mailers, would later, join the Teamsters, the Printers would not. The last ITU convention, held in 1984 at Hershey, Pennsylvania. By 1986, the ITU had only 44,000 active members.

[edit] ITU Goes Out of Business

The Associated Press -- December 31, 1986 Colorado Springs, Colo. The International Typographical Union has ceased to exist, and most of its staff was laid off at national headquarters here. Most of the 60 workers are continuing on a temporary basis with the Communication Workers of America, with which the ITU merged, said ITU spokesman Bill Frazee. The ITU ended operations on December 31, 1986. On January 1,1987, the union joined the CWA as its Printing, Publishing and Media Workers Sector. CWA has its headquarters in Washington, D.C. and employees working for the sector will transfer there in two to four months, Frazee said. The International Typographical Union was the nation's oldest union, charted nationally in 1852. Its membership peaked in the 1960s at 100,000 printers. But since computerization of the business, membership has dropped to 40,000 working printers and 35,000 retirees.

[edit] Printers Merge With CWA

Finally, in 1987, the printers of the ITU merged with the Communications Workers of America (CWA). It is now the Printing, Publishing, and Media Workers Sector of the CWA. William J. Boarman, vice-president of the sector.

[edit] Mailers Merge With IBT

The Mailers were split between the CWA and IBT. In May 1986, many Mailer locals joined: "The Mailers' Conference of the CWA". When the ITU ended, all Mailer locals merged into the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT). It is now the Newspaper, Magazine and Electronic Media Workers Division. Joe Molinero, division director.

[edit] NPP

The ITU Fraternal Pension Fund,(1908-1966). Elmer Brown created the Negotiated Pension Plan (NPP). Today, the pension for all ITU members before 1986 and CWA members since 1987,is the CWA/ITU Negotiated Pension Plan. This pension plan is located in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Teamsters have the IBT Pension for members after 1987.

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Iron law of oligarchy

[edit] External links

• Printing, Publishing, and Media Workers Sector of the CWA, (ITU)
• Citation Classics Commentary on Union DemocracyPDF, Seymour Martin Lipset, 20/1988. Last accessed on 16th September 2006
• Newspaper, Magazine and Electronic Media Workers Division, Teamsters.[1]
• Lipset's Union Democracy After 40 Years, Michael Goldfield, 1998. Last accessed on 16th September 2006.