International Chemistry Olympiad

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) is an annual academic competition for high school students. It is one of the international science olympiads.

The first IChO was held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1968. The event has been held every year since then, with the exception of 1971. The delegations that attended the first events were mostly countries of the former Eastern bloc and it was not until 1980, the 12th annual International Chemistry Olympiad, that the event was held outside of the bloc in Austria.

1 Structure and rules of the competition
2 Preparation for the competition
3 History
4 Past and future International Chemistry Olympiads
5 External links
6 Unofficial participant's link

[edit] Structure and rules of the competition

An International Chemistry Olympiad medal.

Each delegation consists of up to four students and two mentors (one of them is designated as the head of the delegation or "head mentor"). A delegation may also include a handful of guests and scientific observers. Students must be under the age of 20 and must not be enrolled as regular students in any post-secondary education institution. The International Information Center of the International Chemistry Olympiad is based in Bratislava, Slovakia.

Countries who wish to participate in the IChO must send observers to two consecutive olympiads before their students can participate in the event. A total of 68 countries took part in the 38th IChO: 67 as participants and 1 as an observer.

The competition consists of 2 examinations, a theoretical examination and a practical examination. Both have durations of up to 5 hours, and are held on separate days with the practical examination usually being before the theoretical examination. The theoretical examination has a value of 60 points and the practical examination has a value of 40 points. Each examination is evaluated independently from the other and the sum of the results of the examinations determines a participant's overall result. A scientific jury, which is installed by the host country, suggests the tasks. The international jury, which consists of the 2 mentors from each of the participating countries, discusses the competition tasks and translates them into the language of their students' preference.

Students receive the examinations translated into their languages of preference. It is the duty of the mentors to translate the examinations from English before they are given to the participants. After the examinations are held and evaluated by a committee appointed by the host country and before awards are presented, mentors discuss the evaluation of the exams with judges of the committee to assure fairness in their evaluation. Because the mentors review the examinations before they are given to participants, any communication between the mentors and the students is strictly forbidden prior to the completion of both exams.

The syllabus of the competition contains subjects from several areas of chemistry, including organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and spectroscopy. Though the majority of these subjects are included in most secondary school chemistry programs, for the most part, they are evaluated at a much deeper level and many may require a level of knowledge and understanding comparable to that of post-secondary education. In addition, the host country of each IChO issues a set of preparatory problems well in advance of the competition every year. These preparatory problems cover specific topics in considerable more depth than typical post-secondary education. Preparation for the International Chemistry Olympiad demands a high level of understanding and interest in chemistry and an outstanding ability to relate chemical subjects with one another as well as with the practical world.

All participants are ranked based on their individual scores and no team scores are given. Gold medals are awarded to the top 10% of students, silver medals are awarded to the next 20% of students, and bronze medals are awarded to the next 30% of students. Honorable mentions are awarded to participants that do not win a medal but score a perfect problem in either the theoretical or the practical examination. One special award is given to the student that achieves the highest score overall. Two separate special awards are given to the students who get the best score in the theoretical and practical examinations. Occasionally, another special award is given to the top-scoring female student as well.

These events are also outstanding opportunities for the students to meet people from all around the world who share similar interests, to visit different places, and to get in touch with different cultures. As the aims of the competition establish, the IChO competitions help to enhance friendly relations among young people from different countries; they encourage cooperation and international understanding.

[edit] Preparation for the competition

While each country is free to choose its team by whatever means it deems appropriate, the selection process usually involves holding regional and national olympiad competitions. Many countries hold "training camps" for its top students, where mentors from the country give the students accelerated college-level courses in chemistry with an emphasis on the topics covered in that year's preparatory problems as well as practical training. It is agreed that such training programs must not exceed a total duration of two weeks but there are allegations every year that some countries exceed this limit by months or even years. Another concern is that some countries tend to bring the same students to the competition year after year, which helps them win better medals. Although some believe that this is against the spirit of the olympiad, many nations find hard to justify leaving their best students at home.

[edit] History

The idea of the International Chemistry Olympiad was developed in the former Czechoslovakia in 1968. It was designed with the aim to increase the number of international contacts and the exchange of information between nations. Invitations were sent by the Czech national committee to all socialist countries, except Romania. However, in May 1968, relations between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union became so delicate that only Poland and Hungary participated in the first international competition.

The first International Chemistry Olympiad took place in Prague between 18 and 21 June, 1968. Each of the three participating countries sent a team of six pupils, and four theoretical tasks were to be solved. Guidelines for the next competitions were already suggested. The second chemistry Olympiad took place in 1969 in Poland, and Bulgaria also participated. Each team consisted of five pupils, and an experimental competition was added. The decision was made to invite more socialist countries to future competitions and to limit the number of pupils to four. The third Olympiad in 1970 was organised in Hungary with the GDR, Romania and the Soviet Union as new countries. In this competition, more than three prizes were distributed to the pupils.

There was no Olympiad held in 1971, as at the end of the competition in 1970, an organiser and host for the next event could not be agreed on. This was solved for the next three years by diplomatically agreeing on the Soviet Union to host 1972, Bulgaria in 1973, and Romania in 1974. 1972 was the first time where preparation tasks for the International Chemistry Olympiad were created. Also, at a jury session, it was suggested that invitations should be sent to Vietnam, Mongolia, and Cuba. Unfortunately though, these invitations were not sent, leaving seven to compete in 1973.

In 1974, Romania invited Sweden and Yugoslavia to the Olympiad in Bucharest and Germany and Austria sent observers. The Federal Republic of Germany was the first NATO-country with an observer present and this was only able to occur because the Brandt government had contracts in the East. Thus, in 1975, West Germany, Austria, and Belgium also participated in the International Chemistry Olympiad.

The first Olympiad in a non-socialist country took place 1980 in Linz in Austria, although the Soviet Union did not participate. Since then the number of the participating countries has increased steadily. In 1980, only 13 nations took part but this number increased to 21 by the 1984 Olympiad in Frankfurt/Main. With the fall of the Iron Curtain and the break-up of the Soviet Union into independent states in the early 1990s, the number of participants increased again. In addition, the increasing interest of Asian and Latin American countries became apparent with the numbers of participants. Altogether 47 delegations participated in 1998. Presently, 68 countries participate in the International Chemistry Olympiad.

[edit] Past and future International Chemistry Olympiads

The 42nd IChO will be held in Tokyo, Japan in 2010.
The 41st IChO will be held in Cambridge, England in 2009.
The 40th IChO will be held in Budapest, Hungary in 2008.
The 39th IChO will be held in Moscow, Russia in 2007.
The 38th IChO was held in Gyeongsan, South Korea, July 1-11 2006.
The 37th IChO was held in Taipei, Taiwan, July 16-25 2005.
The 36th IChO was held in Kiel, Germany, July 18-27 2004.
The 35th IChO was held in Athens, Greece, July 5-14 2003.
The 34th IChO was held in Groningen, The Netherlands, July 5-14 2002.
The 33rd IChO was held in Mumbai, India, July 6-15 2001.
The 32nd IChO was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, July 2-11 2000.
The 31st IChO was held in Bangkok, Thailand, July 4-11 1999.
The 30th IChO was held in Melbourne, Australia, July 5-14 1998.
The 29th IChO was held in Montreal, Canada July 13-22 1997.
The 28th IChO was held in Moscow, Russia, July 14-23 1996.
The 27th IChO was held in Beijing, China, July 13-20 1995.
The 26th IChO was held in Oslo, Norway, July 3-11 1994.
The 25th IChO was held in Perugia, Italy, July 11-22 1993,
The 24th IChO was held in Pittsburgh and Washington, USA, July 11-22 1992.
The 23rd IChO was held in Łódź, Poland, July 7-15 1991.
The 22nd IChO was held in Paris, France, July 8-17 1990.
The 21st IChO was held in Halle, German Democratic Republic, July 2-10 1989.
The 20th IChO was held in Espoo, Finland, July 2-9 1988.
The 19th IChO was held in Veszprém, Hungary, July 6-15 1987.
The 18th IChO was held in Leiden, The Netherlands, July 6-15 1986.
The 17th IChO was held in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, July 1-8 1985.
The 16th IChO was held in Frankfurt, West Germany, July 1-10 1984.
The 15th IChO was held in Timişoara, Romania, July 2-11 1983.
The 14th IChO was held in Stockholm, Sweden, July 3-12, 1982.
The 13th IChO was held in Burgas, Bulgaria, July 13-23 1981.
The 12th IChO was held in Linz, Austria, July 13-23 1980.
The 11th IChO was held in Leningrad, Soviet Union, July 2-11, 1979.
The 10th IChO was held in Toruń, Poland, July 3-13 1978.
The 9th IChO was held in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, July 4-14 1977.
The 8th IChO was held in Halle, German Democratic Republic, July 10-19 1976.
The 7th IChO was held in Veszprem, Hungary, July 1-10 1975.
The 6th IChO was held in Bucharest, Romania, July 1-10 1974.
The 5th IChO was held in Sofia, Bulgaria, July 1-10 1973.
The 4th IChO was held in Moscow, Soviet Union, July 1-10 1972.
The IChO was not held in 1971.
The 3rd IChO was held in Budapest, Hungary, July 1-5 1970.
The 2nd IChO was held in Katowice, Poland, June 16-20 1969.
The 1st IChO was held in Prague, Czechoslovakia June 18-21 1968.

[edit] External links

Preparatory problems, final results, and the theoretical and practical examinations from each competition can be found on the respective IChO's website.