Intensive pig farming

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These female brood sows are confined most of their lives in gestation crates too small to enable them to turn around. [1]
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These female brood sows are confined most of their lives in gestation crates too small to enable them to turn around. [1]

Intensive piggeries (or hog lots) are a type of concentrated animal feeding operation specialized for the raising of domestic pigs up to slaughterweight. In this system of pig production grower pigs are housed indoors in group-housing or straw-lined sheds, whilst pregnant sows are confined in sow stalls (gestation crates) and give birth in confined farrowing crates.

The use of sow stalls (gestation crates) has resulted in lower production costs, however, this practice has led to more significant animal welfare concerns. Many of the world’s largest producers of pigs (U.S., Canada, Denmark) use sow stalls, but some nations (e.g. the UK) and some US States (e.g. Florida and Arizona) have banned them.

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[edit] Intensive piggeries

Intensive piggeries are generally large warehouse-like buildings. Indoor pig systems allow the pig’s condition to be monitored, ensuring minimum fatalities and increased productivity. Buildings are ventilated and their temperature regulated. Most domestic pig varieties are susceptible to heat stress, and all pigs lack sweat glands and cannot cool themselves. Pigs have a limited tolerance to high temperatures and heat stress can lead to death. Maintaining a more specific temperature within the pig-tolerance range also maximizes growth and growth to feed ratio. In an intensive operation pigs will lack access to a wallow (mud), which is their natural cooling mechanism. Intensive piggeries control temperature through ventilation or drip water systems (dropping water to cool the system).

Pigs are naturally omnivorous and are generally fed a combination of grains and protein sources (soybeans, or meat and bone meal). Larger intensive pig farms may be surrounded by farmland where feed-grain crops are grown. Alternatively, piggeries are reliant on the grains industry. Pig feed may be bought packaged or mixed on-site. The intensive piggery system, where pigs are confined in individual stalls, allows each pig to be allotted a portion of feed. The individual feeding system also facilitates individual medication of pigs through feed. This has more significance to intensive farming methods, as the close proximity to other animals enables diseases to spread more rapidly. To prevent disease spreading and encourage growth, drug programs such as antibiotics, vitamins, hormones and other supplements are preemptively administered.

Indoor systems, especially stalls and pens (i.e. ‘dry,’ not straw-lined systems) allow for the easy collection of waste. Clearly, providing pigs with straw increases production cost and reduces animal welfare concern. Manure is an environmental issue in any pig farming system, but obviously more serious in very large intensive farms. In an indoor intensive pig farm, manure can be managed through a lagoon system or other waste-management system. However, odor remains a problem which is difficult to manage.

The way animals are housed in intensive systems varies. Breeding sows will spend the bulk of their time in sow stalls (also called gestation crates) during pregnancy or farrowing crates, with litter, until market. Piglets can be subjected to a range of treatments including castration, tail docking to reduce tail biting, teeth clipped (to reduce injuring their mother's nipples) and their ears notched to assist identification.[2] Piglets may be weaned and removed from their mothers between two and five weeks old[3] and placed in sheds. However, grower pigs - which comprise the bulk of the herd - are usually housed in alternative indoor housing, such as batch pens. During pregnancy, the use of a stall may be preferred as it facilitates feed-management and growth control. It also prevents pig aggression (e.g. tail biting, ear biting, vulva biting, food stealing). Group pens generally require higher stockmanship skills. Such pens will usually not contain straw or other material. Alternatively, a straw-lined shed may house a larger group (i.e. not batched) in age groups.

Many countries have introduced laws to regulate treatment of farmed animals. In the USA, the federal Humane Slaughter Act[4] requires pigs to be stunned before slaughter, however there is sometimes insufficient compliance or enforcement[5].

Intensively farmed pigs in batch pens
Intensively farmed pigs in batch pens

[edit] Outdoor versus indoors

Intensive piggeries have been increasingly criticized in preference of free range systems. Such systems usually refer not to a group-pen or shedding system, but to outdoor farming systems. Those that support outdoor systems usually do so on the ground that they are more animal friendly and better allow pigs to express natural behaviors (e.g. wallowing in mud, relating to young, rooting soil). Outdoor systems are usually less economically productive due to increased space requirements and higher morbidity. They also have a range of environmental impacts, such as denitrification of soil6 7 and erosion. Outdoor pig farming may also have welfare implications, for example, pigs kept outside may get sunburnt and are more susceptible to heat stress than in indoor systems, where air conditioning or similar can be used 8 9. Outdoor pig farming may also increase the incidence of worms and parasites in pigs 1011. Management of these problems depends on local conditions, such as geography, climate, and the availability of skilled staff.

Transition of an indoor production system to an outdoor system presents obstacles. Some breeds of pig commonly used in intensive farming have been selectively bred to suit intensive conditions. Lean pink-pigmented pigs are unsuited for outdoor agriculture, as they suffer sunburn and heat stress. In certain environmental conditions – for example, a temperate climate – outdoor pig farming of these breeds is possible. However, there are many other breeds of pig suited to outdoor rearing, as they have been used in this way for centuries, such as Gloucester Old Spot and Oxford Forest. Following the UK ban of sow stalls, the British Pig Executive indicates that the pig farming industry in the UK has declined.12. The increase in production costs has led to British pig-products being more expensive than those from other countries, leading to increased imports and the need to position UK pork as a product deserving a price premium.

[edit] Criticism of intensive piggeries

Factory farming methods have come under increasing public scrutiny due to animal welfare and environmental concerns.

  • Animal welfare concerns — Crowding, drugging, and performing surgery on animals. Confining pigs in barren environments leads to physical problems such as osteoporosis and joint pain, and also boredom and frustration, as shown by repetitive or self-destructive behavior known as stereotypes. [1]
  • Environmental concerns — Large quantities and concentrations of waste are produced [2]. Lakes, rivers, and groundwater are at risk when animal waste is improperly recycled. Pollutant gases are also emitted. Dust, fly, and odor problems are created for people living in the immediate region.

[edit] Sow breeding systems

Organized campaigns by animal activists have focussed on the use of the sow stalls, such as the 'gestation crate' and 'farrowing crate'. The sow stall has now been totally banned in the UK, although it remains an integral part of mass market pig production in the US.

A ‘sow stall’ is the name of the confinement system for adult sows. It usually does not allow the pig to turn around, although it can usually sit down [6]. The major reason for their use is that it prevents aggressive pig behavior towards pregnant sows, thus reducing miscarriages and increasing litter survival and the farmer’s productivity. However, it is at considerable deviance to a ‘natural’ system of animal rearing.

Only the sows selected for breeding (i.e. pregnant sows) will spend time in a sow stall. In an intensive system, the sow will be placed in a stall prior to service (mating) and will stay there for at least the start of her pregnancy, where the risk of miscarriage is higher. The length of the sow's gestation is 3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days. A sow may spend this entire time in the space-restricted crate. However, a variety of farming systems are used and the time in the crate may vary from 4 weeks to the whole pregnancy.

There is also some criticism of 'farrowing crates'. A farrowing crate houses the sow in one section and her piglets in another. It allows the sow to lie down and turn around to feed her piglets, but keeps her piglets in a separate section. This prevents the large sow from sitting on her piglets and killing them. However, it prevents some natural sow behaviors towards its young. Some models of farrowing crates may allow more space than others, and allow greater interaction between sow and young. However, crates may also be designed with cost-effectiveness in mind and therefore be smaller. Information about Genetics and Breeding- http://resourceagb.50webs.com

[edit] Effects on family farms

Another criticism of intensive piggeries is that they represent a corporatization of the traditional rural lifestyle. The rise of intensive piggeries has largely replaced family farming. For example, between 1982 and 1987 some 21% of Iowa hog farmers went out of business. By 1992, another 12% had gone out of business. In large part, this is because intensive piggeries are more economical than outdoor systems, pen systems, or the family farm hog pen. In many pork-producing countries (e.g. US, Canada, Australia, Denmark) the use of intensive piggeries has led to market rationalization and concentration.

[edit] Regulation

In 2002, Florida voters passed a constitutional amendment banning the use of gestation crates in that state. Four years later, Arizona voters passed Proposition 204, the Humane Treatment of Farm Animals Act, which outlawed the use of both gestation crates and veal crates, effective in 2013. The success of these measures is likely to spur additional efforts to regulate intensive pig farming, especially by voter initiative.

[edit] References

  1. ^ "The Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs - Report of the Scientific Veterinary Committee - Adopted 30 September 1997, European Commission, and "Opinion of the AHAW Panel related to the welfare aspects of various systems of keeping laying hens", European Food Safety Authority (7-Mar-2005)
  2. ^ Facts about Pollution from Livestock Farms. National Resource Defense Council. Retrieved on 2006-05-30.

[edit] External links

[edit] Government regulation

[edit] Proponent, neutral, and industry-related

[edit] Criticism of intensive pig farming

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