User:Indon/sandbox2

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[edit] Political structure

People's Representative Council building in Jakarta
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People's Representative Council building in Jakarta
See also: Politics of Indonesia

Indonesia is a republic and a unitary state with a presidential system and power concentrated in the national government. Following the downfall of the Suharto administation in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. The 1945 Constitution of Indonesia has been amended four times in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002. executive, judicial and legislative branches were revamped, creating a newly liberal democratic political system.[1]

The President of Indonesia is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian armed forces, and responsible for domestic governance, policy-making and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The 2004 presidential election was the first time the people directly voted for President and Vice President.[2][3] Presidential terms are five years and limited to maximum of two consecutive terms.[4]

The highest representative body at national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). Its main functions include supporting and amending the Constitution, inauguration of the President and the fomalisation of broad outlines of state policy. The MPR has the power to impeach the President.[5] MPR contains two lower house of representatives: the People's Representative Council (DPR) with 550 members and the Regional Representatives Council (DPD) with 168 members.

The DPR is the legislative body which passes legislations and monitors the executive branch. Members of the DPR are elected for five-year terms on a proportional representation basis from more than 2,000 electoral districts.[1] Since 1998, the DPR's role has increased markedly, including a total control of statutes production without executive branch interventions, all members are now elected (no reserved seats for military personels) and some fundamental rights exclusive for DPR.[1][6] The DPD is a new chamber , based on the 2001 constitution amendment. Its members are representatives from the 33 provinces; each has four representatives and they are non-partisan. During the legislative general election, each citizen votes for members of DPR through political parties, DPD members through individual names, and the provincial and local Regional People's Representative Councils (DPRD).[1] DPD represents regional areas within national politics and its role is restricted to bills concerning matters of regional management.[7]

The Indonesia judicial system comprises several courts: the highest is the Supreme Court; most disputes appear first before a State Court; from which appeals from are heard before the High Court. The Supreme Court can hear a final cassation appeal or conduct a case review if there is a new evidence about a case. Apart from civil courts, Indonesia has Commercial Court to handle bankruptcy and insolvency; State Administrative Court to hear administrative law cases against the government; Constitutional Court to hear disputes concerning legality of law products, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of a state institution; and a Religious Court to deal with specific religious cases.

[edit] References
  1. ^ a b c d Susi Dwi Harijanti and Tim Lindsey (2006). "Indonesia: General elections test the amended Constitution and the new Constitutional Court". International Journal of Constitutional Law 4 (1): 138–150. DOI:10.1093/icon/moi055.
  2. ^ The Carter Center (2004). The Carter Center 2004 Indonesia Election Report. Press release. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
  3. ^ Andrew Ellis (16 July 2003). Countdown to 2004 Indonesia’s New General Election Law. USINDO Brief. USINDO. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
  4. ^ _ (2002), The 4th Amendment of 1945 Indonesia Constitution, Chapter III – The Executive Power, Art. 7.
  5. ^ People's Consultative Assembly (MPR-RI). Ketetapan MPR-RI Nomor II/MPR/2000 tentang Perubahan Kedua Peraturan Tata Tertib Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia. Retrieved on 2006-11-07.(Indonesian)
  6. ^ Indonesia:Factsheet. Country Briefings. The Economist (3 Oct 2006). Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
  7. ^ People's Consultative Assembly (MPR-RI). Third Amendment to the 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
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