Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia

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عبدالعزيز آل سعود `Abd al-`Azīz Āl Sa`ūd
House of Saud
`Abd al-`Azīz ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Faisal ibn Turki ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Saud Al Sa`ud
Offspring
Saud Faisal Khaled Fahd Sultan Nayef Salman Ahmed Abdullah Talal Mohammed Abd al-Rahman Turki and about thirty-five others

`Abd al-`Azīz Āl Sa`ūd (November 26 (?), 1880 - November 9, 1953) (Arabic: عبدالعزيز آل سعود) was the first monarch of Saudi Arabia. He is also known by several abbreviated forms of this name, including simply Ibn Sa`ūd^[1]. He was born in Riyadh into the House of Sa'ūd (commonly transliterated Saud), which had historically maintained dominion over the interior highlands of Arabia known as the Najd. Ibn Saud died in Taif.

Contents 1 Loss and reclamation of power 2 Oil and the rule of Ibn Saud 3 Foreign wars 4 Family and succession 5 References 6 Notes

[edit] Loss and reclamation of power

Abdul Aziz was born in Riyadh, Arabia. In 1890, at the age of fourteen, Saud followed his family into exile in Kuwait following the conquest of the family's lands by the Rashidi. He spent the remainder of his childhood in Kuwait. Abd al-Rahman had a stipend from the Turkish government of 60 Turkish pounds a month and Abdul Aziz went on several profitable raids in Nejd as he grew to adulthood. He attended the daily majlis of the emir of Kuwait, Mubarak al Sabah, from whom he learned much about the world. However, the family's home in Riyadh was of the simplest and cramped by five sons and at least one daughter.

In the Spring of 1901 Ibn Saud and some relatives, including a half-brother Mohammed,and several cousins, set out on a raiding expedition targeting for the most part tribes associated with the Rashidis. As booty was abundant, with many camels stolen, the raiding party grew to around 200 as tribesmen loyal to the Sauds joined the party. In the Fall, with Ramadan approaching, the group, reduced in number by defections, holed up in the Jabrin Oasis. It may have been only then that Ibn Sa'ud decided to attack Riyadh and regain his family's heritage. On the night of January 15–16,1902, together with a party of some sixty, including seven relatives and some slaves, he recaptured Riyadh with only twenty; the rest were guarding the camels in an isolated oasis. They had been told to escape if the venture failed. The Rashidi governor of the city, Ajlan, was killed as he fled the attack by Ibn Sa'ud in front of the fort gate. Ibn Sa'ūd was considered a "magnetic" leader, and following the capture of Riyadh many former supporters of the House of Saud once again rallied to its support

In the two years following his dramatic seizure of Riyadh, Ibn Sa'ūd recaptured almost half of Nejd from the Rashidi. In 1904, however, Ibn Rashid appealed to the Ottoman Empire for assistance in defeating the House of Sa'ūd. The Ottomans sent troops to Arabia, setting Ibn Sa'ūd on the defensive. The armies of the House of Saud suffered a major defeat on June 15, 1904, but his forces soon regrouped and returned to the offensive as the Turkish troops left the country due to supply problems.

Ibn Sa'ūd finally consolidated control over the Nejd in 1912 with the help of an organized and well-trained army. In that year he founded the Ikhwan, a militant religious organisation which was to assist in his later conquests. More broadly, he revived his dynasty's traditional alliance with Wahhabism. During World War I the British government attempted to cultivate favor with Ibn Sa'ūd, but generally favored his rival Sherif Hussein ibn Ali, leader of Hejaz, whom the Sa'ūds were almost constantly at war with. Despite this, the British entered into a treaty in December 1915 which made the lands of the House of Sa'ūd a British protectorate. In exchange, Ibn Sa'ūd pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans.

Ibn Sa'ūd did not, however, immediately make war against Ibn Rashid, despite a steady supply of weapons and cash (£5,000 Sterling per month) from the British. He argued with the British that the payment he received was insufficient to adequately wage war against an enemy as powerful as Ibn Rashid. In 1920, however, the House of Sa'ūd finally marched again against the Rashidi, extinguishing their dominion in 1922. The defeat of the Rashidis doubled the territory of the House of Sa'ūd, and British subsidies continued until 1924.

In 1925 the Sa'ūds captured the holy city of Mecca from Sherif Hussein ibn Ali ending 700 years of Hashemite tutelage of the Islamic holy places. On 10 January 1926 Ibn Saud was proclaimed King of the Hejaz in the Great Mosque at Mecca.

In 1927, following the defeat of Husayn, the British government recognized the power of the Saud family, led by Ibn Saud, over much of what is today Saudi Arabia. The Treaty of Jedda was signed on May 20. At this point he changed his title from Sultan of Nejd to King of Nejd. Initially the two parts of his dominians (Nejd in the east and Hejaz in the west) were administered generally.

From 1927 to 1932 Ibn Saud continued to consolidate power throughout the Arabian Peninsula. In March 1929 he defeated elements of the Ikhwan, which had disobeyed his orders to cease raiding and had invaded Iraq against his wishes, at the Battle of Sibilla. In 1932, having conquered most of the Peninsula, Saud renamed the area from the lands of Nejd and Hejaz to Saudi Arabia. He then proclaimed himself King of Saudi Arabia, with the support of the British government.

[edit] Oil and the rule of Ibn Saud

Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938, and Ibn Saud through his advisor St. John Philby granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies. In the early days of the oil boom most oil revenues received by the government of Saudi Arabia were immediately directed to the coffers of the royal family. As the income from oil grew, however, Ibn Saud began to spend some revenues on improving the lives of his subjects.

Saud forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He also began to fight crime in Saudi Arabia, particularly crime against pilgrims visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.

[edit] Foreign wars

Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II, but was generally considered to favor the Allies. ^{[citation needed]}

In 1948 Saud participated in the Arab-Israeli war. The contribution of Saudi Arabia was generally considered token.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Family and succession

The number of children that Ibn Saud fathered are unknown, and estimates range from about 50 to over 1000. They include: (names of Kings in bold)

1. By Wadhba bint Muhammad al-Hazzam
   1. Turki (1900-1919)
   2. Saud (January 12, 1902 - February 23, 1969); reigned 1953-1964
2. By Tarfah bint Abdullah al-Shaikh Abdul-Wahab
   1. Khaled (born 1903, died in infancy)
   2. Faisal (April 1904 - March 25, 1975); reigned 1964-1975
   3. Anud (born 1917)
3. By Jauhara bint Musa'd Al Saud
   1. Muhammad (1910-1985)
   2. Khaled (1913 - June 13, 1982); reigned 1975-1982
   3. Jauhara
4. By Bazza (the first wife named Bazza)
   1. Nasser (born 1919-1984)
5. By Jauhara bint Sa'ad al-Sudairi
   1. Saad (1920 - 1993)
   2. Musa'id (born 1923)
   3. Abdul Mohsin (1925-1985)
6. By Hassa bint Ahmad al-Sudairi
   1. Sa'ad (born 1914, died 1919) (Ibn Saud married Hassa al-Sudairi twice. Fahd and his younger full siblings were the children of his second marriage to her. These are known as the "Sudairi Seven")
   2. Fahd (1923 - August 1, 2005); reigned 1982-2005
   3. Sultan (born January 5, 1926); current crown prince
   4. Abdul-Rahman (born 1931)
   5. Turki (born 1932)
   6. Naif (born 1934)
   7. Salman (born 1936)
   8. Ahmed (born 1940)
7. By Shahida
   1. Mansur (1922 - May 2, 1951)
   2. Mishal (born 1926)
   3. Qumasha (born 1927)
   4. Mit'ab (born 1931)
8. By Fahda bint Asi al-Shuraim
   1. Abdullah (born August 1924); current king, since 2005
   2. Nuf
   3. Sita
9. By Bazza (the second wife named Bazza)
   1. Bandar (born 1923)
   2. Fawwaz (born 1934)
10. By Haya bint Sa'ad al-Sudairy (1913 - April 18, 2003)
    1. Moosa (born 1923)
    2. Bilal (born 1924)
    3. Aamir (born 1925)
    4. Zakir (born 1926)
    5. Abdullah (born 1927)
    6. Shaifullah (born 1928)
    7. Imanullah (born 1929)
    8. Nura (died 1930)
    9. Saifullah (born 1931)
    10. Feroz (born 1932)
    11. Badr (born 1933)
    12. Hassa
    13. Hafiz (born 1934)
    14. Abdalillah (born 1935)
    15. Abdalmajid (born 1940)
    16. Mashael
11. By Munaiyir
    1. Talal (born 1931)
    2. Badr (1931-1932)
    3. Mishari (1932 - May 23, 2000)
    4. Nawwaf (born 1933)
12. By Mudhi
    1. Majed (October 19, 1938 - April 12, 2003)
    2. Sattam (born January 21, 1941)
13. By Nouf bint al-Shalan
    1. Thamir (1937 - June 27, 1959)
    2. Mamduh (born 1940)
    3. Danish (born 1941)
    4. Mashhur (born 1942)
14. By Saida al-Yamaniyah
    1. Iftikar (born 1931)
    2. Saimullah (born 1932)
    3. Saifullah (born 1933)
    4. Zenobia (born 1934)
    5. Mumtaz (born 1935)
    6. Mariyamm (born 1936)
    7. Aslam (born 1937)
    8. Billal (born 1938)
    9. Gouri (born 1939)
    10. Inayat (born 1940)
    11. Hidhlul (born 1941)
15. By Baraka al-Yamaniyah
    1. Muqran (born September 15, 1945)
16. By Futayma
    1. Hamad (born 1947)
17. By ??
    1. Fahd (1905-1919)
    2. Sara (1916 - June 2000)
    3. Shaikha (born 1922)
    4. Akbar (born 1923)
    5. Asif (born 1924)
    6. Shamina (born 1925)
    7. Talat Aziz (born 1926)
    8. Mahmud (born 1927)
    9. Shakeel (born 1928)
    10. Riyaz (born 1929)
    11. Talal (1930-1931)
    12. Abdalsalam (1941)
    13. Jiluwi (1942-1944)

All of these carry the surname "bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud" for men and "bint Abdul Aziz Al Saud" for women. Ibn Saud is the father of all the Kings of Saudi Arabia that have succeeded him. King Saud succeeded his father as regent of Saudi Arabia in 1953, three months after being appointed Prime Minister by his father. In 1964 King Saud was deposed by the Saudi Council of Ministers and succeeded by King Faisal, another of Ibn Saud's sons. Faisal was followed by three further sons, Khalid, Fahd and Abdullah. According to the Saudi Basic Law of 1992, the King of Saudi Arabia must be a son or grandson of Ibn Saud.

[edit] References

Wasim-ul-Haq

[edit] Notes

Preceded by: Ali bin Hussein	King of Hejaz 1926-1932	Succeeded by: himself as King of Saudi Arabia
Preceded by: himself as King of Hejaz	King of Saudi Arabia 1932-1953	Succeeded by: Saud bin Abdul-Aziz
Preceded by: Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud	Head of the House of Saud 1901-1953	Succeeded by: Saud bin Abdul-Aziz