IBM Personal System/2

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IBM Personal System/2
IBM Personal System/2 Model 25
Type:	Professional Computer
Developer:	International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
Released:	April, 1987
Processor(s):	8-90 MHz Intel 8086-Pentium
Website:	[3]

The Personal System/2 or PS/2 was IBM's second generation of personal computers. The PS/2 line, released to the public in 1987, was created by IBM in an attempt to recapture control of the PC market by introducing an advanced proprietary architecture. Although IBM's considerable market presence ensured the PS/2 would sell in relatively large numbers, the PS/2 architecture ultimately failed in its bid to return control of the PC market to IBM. Due to the higher costs of the closed architecture, customers preferred competing PCs that extended the existing PC architecture instead of abandoning it for something new. However, many of the PS/2s innovations, such as the 1440 kB 3.5-inch floppy disk format, 72 pin SIMM, the PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports, and the VGA video standard, went on to become standards in the broader PC market.

The IBM OS/2 operating system was also introduced with the PS/2 line and was intended as its "native" OS.

1 Technology
2 Models
3 Marketing
4 External links
5 References

[edit] Technology

IBM's PS/2 was designed to remain software compatible with their PC/AT/XT line of computers upon which the booming PC clone market was built, but the hardware was quite different. PS/2 had two BIOSes -- one was named ABIOS (Advanced BIOS) which provided a new protected mode interface and was used by OS/2; the other was named CBIOS (Compatible BIOS) which was included in order for the PS/2 to be software compatible with the PC/AT/XT.

[edit] Micro Channel Architecture

The IBM Personal System/2 line introduced the Micro Channel Architecture (MCA for short), which was technically superior to the ISA bus and allowed for higher speed communications within the system. The MCA bus featured many advances that would not be seen in other interface standards until several years later. Transfer speeds were on par with the much later introduced PCI bus standard. MCA allowed one-to-one card to card and multi-card to processor simultaneous transaction management which is a feature of the PCI-X bus format. Busmastering capability, bus arbitration, and true plug-and-play BIOS management of hardware were all benefits of the MCA bus. The MCA bus was a 32-bit based architecture, as opposed to ISA (which was a 16-bit architecture). Despite of these technical advantages, the Micro Channel Architecture never gained wide acceptance outside of the PS/2 line due to IBM's anti-clone practices and incompatibilities with ISA. IBM offered to sell a Micro Channel license to anyone who could afford the royalty, but they not only required a royalty for every MCA-compatible machine sold, but also a payment for every IBM-compatible machine the particular maker had ever made in the past.

[edit] Keyboard/mouse interface

For more details on this topic, see PS/2 connector.

The colour-coded PS/2 connection ports (purple for keyboards and green for mice) are still used today.

PS/2 systems introduced a new specification for the keyboard and mouse interfaces, which are still in use today and are thus called "PS/2" interface. The PS/2 keyboard interface was electronically identical to the long-established AT interface, but the cable connector was changed from the 5-pin DIN connector to the smaller 6-pin mini-DIN interface, as was the PS/2 mouse interface.

[edit] Graphics

Other features were introduced by this new generation of IBM computer systems, such as the change over to the VGA graphics output standard over the previous EGA standard. VGA increased graphics memory to 256 KB and provided for resolutions of 640x480 with 16 colors, and 320x200 with 256 colors. VGA also provided a palette of 262,144 colors (as opposed to the EGA palette of 64 colors). The 8514 and later XGA were other computer display standards introduced by the PS/2 line. Although the design of these adapters did not become an industry standard as VGA was, their standard resolution (1024 by 768 pixels) and the "XGA" name have been influential on many newer graphics systems. The Model 25 and Model 30, however, did not include VGA. On these budget models, IBM opted to use MCGA, which was a stepping stone between CGA and VGA, but unfortunately lacked EGA compatibility.

[edit] VGA Video Connector

All of the new PS/2 graphics systems (whether VGA, 8514 or MCGA, or later, XGA) used a 15-pin mini-D connector for video out. This used analog RGB signals, rather than fixed sixteen or sixty-four color lines as on previous CGA and EGA monitors, allowing arbitrary increases in the color depth (or levels of grey) compared to its predecessors. It also allowed for analog grayscale displays to be connected; unlike earlier systems (like MDA and Hercules) this was transparant to software, allowing all programs supporting the new standards to run unmodified whichever type of display was attached. These greyscale displays were relatively inexpensive during the first few years the PS/2 was available, and very commonly purchased with lower-end models. The VGA connector became a near universal standard for connecting monitors and projectors over the course of the early 1990s, replacing a variety of earlier connectors on non-PC hardware. Recently other standards (primarily DVI and HDMI for digital flat panel displays) have become common as well, but none have yet become as common as the VGA connector.

[edit] External storage

Although 3.5" floppy disks were becoming common in the industry by 1987, the PS/2s were the first IBM models to use them as standard, relegating the 5.25" format to an expensive, optional external accessory drive. While the disk format itself was standard, IBM chose to use a non-standard form for the disk drives, resulting in very high repair costs as a standard drive could not be retrofitted to a PS/2. The IBM part was functionally identical to a standard 3.5" floppy drive, but about five times more expensive.^{[citation needed]} In the initial line-up, IBM used 720 KB Double Density (DD) capacity drives on the 8086-based models and 1.44 megabytes High Density (HD) on the 80286-based and higher models. By the end of the PS/2 line they had moved to a somewhat standardized capacity of 2.88 MB. The PS/2 floppy drives were famous for not having a capacity detector. 1.44 MB floppies had a hole so that drives could identify them from 720 KB floppies, preventing users from formatting the smaller capacity disks to the higher capacity (doing so would work, but with a higher tendency of data loss). Clone manufacturers implemented the hole detection, but IBM did not.

[edit] Memory

The PS/2 introduced the 72-pin RAM SIMM, which became the de facto standard for RAM modules by the mid-90s in mid-late 486 and early Pentium desktop systems. SIMMs were 32 or 36-bits wide, and replaced the old 30-pin (8/9 bit) SIPP standard, which was much less convenient as SIPPs had to be used four at a time to match the bus width of a system with a 32-bit bus. 72-pin SIMMs were also capable of larger maximum capacities.

[edit] Models

At launch, the PS/2 family comprised the Model 30, 50, 60 and 80; the Model 25 was launched a few months later.

The PS/2 Models 25 and 30 (IBM 8525 and 8530 respectively) were ISA-based (in other words, essentially IBM PC/AT-like systems in a different form factor) systems with Intel 8086 CPUs. These machines also differed from other PS/2 models in having 720k floppy disk drives, an ST506-compatible hard drive controller and MCGA graphics. The hard drives were available as an optional part, however many of these entry-level machines were sold without hard drives due to the high cost.

Despite MCGA's color capabilities, the Model 25 featured an integrated grayscale monitor to compete with the Apple Macintosh as an integrated system for educational environments. An external "paperwhite" grayscale screen was also available as a cost-saving model instead of the standard VGA display; this was often paired with the Model 30.

Later ISA PS/2 models comprised the Model 30-286 (a Model 30 with an Intel 286 CPU), Model 35 (IBM 8535) and Model 40 (IBM 8540) with Intel 386SX or IBM 386SLC processors.

The higher-numbered models were equipped with the MicroChannel bus and ESDI or SCSI hard drives. PS/2 Models 50 (IBM 8550-021) and 60 (IBM 8560) used the Intel 286 processor, the PS/2 Models 70 (IBM 8570) and 80 used the 386DX, while the medium-performance PS/2 Model 55SX (IBM 8555-081) used the 16/32-bit 386SX processor. Later Model 70 variants also used Intel 486 processors.

The PS/2 Models 90 (IBM 8590/9590) and 95 (IBM 8595/9595/9595A) used Processor Complex daughterboards holding the CPU, memory controller, MicroChannel bus interface, and other system components. The available Processor Complex options ranged from the 20 MHz Intel 386 to the 90 MHz Pentium and were fully interchangeable. The IBM PC Server 500, which has a motherboard identical to the 9595A, also uses Processor Complexes.

Other later MicroChannel PS/2 models included the Model 65SX with a 16 MHz 386SX; various Model 53 (IBM 9553), 56 (IBM 8556) and 57 (IBM 8557) variants with 386SX, 386SLC or 486SLC2 processors; the Models 76 and 77 (IBM 9576/9577) with 486SX or 486DX2 processors respectively; and the 486-based Model 85 (IBM 9585).

The IBM PS/2E (IBM 9533) was the first Energy Star compliant personal computer. It had a 50 MHz IBM 486SLC processor, an ISA bus, four PCMCIA slots, and an IDE hard drive interface. The environmentally-friendly PC borrowed many components from the ThinkPad line and was composed of recycled plastics, designed to be easily recycled at the end of its life, and used very little power.

IBM also produced several portable and laptop PS/2s, including the Model L40 (ISA-bus 386SX), N51 (386SX/SLC), P70 (386DX) and P75 (486DX2).

The IBM PS/2 Server 195 and 295 (IBM 8600) were 486-based dual-bus MCA network servers supporting asymmetric multiprocessing, designed by Parallan Computer Inc.

[edit] Marketing

The PS/2's controversial hardware design was tied to a marketing strategy that was similarly unsuccessful. During the 1980s, IBM's advertising of the original PC and its other product lines had frequently used the likeness of Charlie Chaplin. For the PS/2, however, IBM augmented this character with a notorious jingle that seemed more suitable for a low-end consumer product than a business-class computing platform:

“How ya' gonna' do it?
PS/2 It!
It's as easy as I.B.M.”

“How ya' gonna' do it?
PS/2 It!
The solution is I.B.M.”

Another campaign featured the actors from the television show, M*A*S*H playing updated versions of their characters from the series.^[1]^[2]

The profound lack of success of these advertising campaigns led, in part, to IBM's termination of its relationships with its global advertising agencies; these accounts were reported by Wired Magazine (Issue 3.08, August 1995) to have been worth over $500 million a year, and the largest such account review in the history of business.

Overall, the PS/2 experiment was a commercial disaster from a consumer perspective. With what was widely seen as a technically competent but cynical attempt to gain undisputed control of the market, IBM unleashed an industry and consumer backlash. The firm suffered massive financial losses for the remainder of the decade, forfeited its previously unquestioned position as the industry leader, and eventually lost its status as the largest single manufacturer of personal computers, first to Compaq and then to Dell. Still, the platform experienced success in the business sector where many people still lived with the motto "Nobody ever got fired for buying IBM." Many models of PS/2 systems saw a production life span that took them well into the late 1990s.

[edit] External links

[edit] References

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