Hystaspes

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Hystaspes (Greek form of Old Persian 𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱 Vishtaspa) may refer to:

• A semi-legendary Vishtaspa (modern Persian گشتاسب Goshtâsb) praised by Zoroaster as his protector and a true believer, the son of Aurvataspa (Persian Lohrasp). The later tradition and the Shahnama of Firdousi makes him (in the modern form of his name, Key Gushtasp) a "king of Iran". Since Zoroaster's "homeland" is said to have been in eastern regions of Greater Iran, Vishtaspa would have to have been been a dynast in Bactria, Sogdiana, Margiana or one of the smaller kingdoms of Central Asia.
• Vishtaspa, non-epigraphic father of Darius I, attested only in Darius' claim of descent from Arsames. In the Behistun inscription (2.65) Vishtaspa is said to have served as satrap of Parthia under the rule of his own son Darius I, his grandson Cambyses II, and Smerdis. Eight centuries later, Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii.6.32) identified the father of Darius with the protector of Zoroaster.
• Vishtaspa, son of Xerxes I and brother of Artaxerxes I.