Hyperthermophile
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A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments — that is, hotter than around 60 °C with an optimal temperature above 80 °C. The most heat tolerant hyperthermophile is the recently-discovered Strain 121 [1] which has been able to double its population during 24 hours in an autoclave at 121 °C (hence its name). Hyperthermophiles are a subset of extremophiles, micro-organisms within the domain Archaea, although some bacteria are able to tolerate temperatures of around 100 °C, too. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to withstand other environmental extremes such as high acidity or radiation levels.
Hyperthermophiles were first discovered in the 1960s in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Since then, more than fifty species have been discovered. The most hardy hyperthermophiles thus known live on the superheated walls of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, requiring temperatures of at least 90 °C for survival.
Although no hyperthermophile has yet been discovered living at temperatures above 121 °C, their existence is very possible (Strain 121 survived being heated to 130 °C for 2 hours, but was not able to reproduce until it had been transferred into a fresh growth medium, at a relatively-cooler 103°C). However, it is thought unlikely that microbes could survive at temperatures above 150° C, as - regardless of the relatively high GC-content of hyperthermophiles - the cohesion of DNA and other vital molecules begins to break down at this point.
The protein molecules in the hyperthermophiles are required to exhibit hyperthermostability - that is, to maintain structural stability (and therefore function) at high temperatures. Such proteins are homologous to their functional analogues in organisms which thrive at lower temperatures, but have evolved to exhibit optimal function at much greater temperatures. Most of the low-temperature homologues of the hyperthermostable proteins would be denatured above 60 °C. Such hyperthermostable proteins are often commercially important, as chemical reactions proceed faster at high temperatures.
Other hyperthermophiles:
- Pyrolobus fumarii, an Archaea living at 113 °C in Atlantic hydrothermal vents.
- Methanopyrus kandleri, an Archaea in 80–100 °C in a Gulf of California vent.
- Pyrococcus furiosus, an Archaea which thrives at 100 °C, first discovered in Italy near a volcanic vent.
- Geothermobacterium ferrireducens, Bacteria which thrive in 65–100 °C in Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park.
- Aquifex aeolicus, Bacteria living at 85–95 °C in Yellowstone National Park.
[edit] References
- Holt JG (editor) (1994). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed., Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-00603-7.
- Madigan, Michael; Martinko, John (editors) (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th ed., Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
