Hwicce

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The Hwicce (listen (help·info)) were one of the peoples of Anglo-Saxon Britain. The exact dimensions of their kingdom are unknown; they probably coincided with those of the old Anglican Diocese of Worcester, the early bishops of which bore the title Episcopus Hwicciorum. It would therefore include Worcestershire except the northwestern tip, Gloucestershire except the Forest of Dean, the southwestern half of Warwickshire, and the neighbourhood of Bath north of the Avon.^[1]

The territory of the Hwinca was assessed at 7000 hides in the Tribal Hidage.

The name Hwicce survives in Wychwood in Oxfordshire, Whichford in Warwickshire, Wichenford and Wychbury Hill in Worcestershire and the Wychavon district of Worcestershire.

1 History
2 Kings of the Hwicce
3 Ealdormen of the Hwicce
4 Other notables of the Hwicce
5 Notes
6 Further reading

[edit] History

The territory of the Hwicce roughly corresponded to the Roman civitas of the Dobunni.^[2] The area appears to have remained largely British in the first century or so after Britannia seceded from the Roman Empire, but pagan burials and place-names in its north-eastern sector suggest an inflow of Angles,^[3] who may have exacted tribute from British rulers.^[4]

According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle there was a battle at Dyrham in 577 in which the West Saxons under Ceawlin killed three British kings and captured Gloucester, Cirencester and Bath. However the Angles regained and indeed strengthened their influence over the area in 628, when (says the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle), the West Saxons fought the (Anglian) Penda of Mercia at Cirencester and afterwards came to terms. Penda had evidently won, but he had probably forged an alliance with local leaders, for the former Dobunnic polity did not immediately become part of Mercia. Instead it became the allied or client kingdom of the Hwicce.

The first probable kings of whom we read were two brothers, Eanhere and Eanfrith. Bede notes that Queen Eafe "had been baptised in her own country, the kingdom of the Hwicce. She was the daughter of Eanfrith, Eanhere's brother, both of whom were Christians, as were their people."^[5] From this we deduce that Eanfrith and Eanhere were of the royal family and that theirs was a Christian kingdom.

It is likely that the Hwicce were converted to Christianity by the British Church, rather than the mission from Pope Gregory I, since Bede was well-informed on the latter and does not mention the conversion of the Hwicce.^[6] Though place-names show that Anglo-Saxon settlement was widespread in the territory, the limited spread of pagan burials suggest that British Christianity survived the influx, as do two eccles place names. There are also probable British Christian burials beneath Worcester Cathedral and St Mary de Lode, Gloucester.^[7] So it seems that incoming Anglo-Saxons were absorbed into the existing Church. The ruling dynasty of the Hwicce were probably key figures in the process. Perhaps they sprang from intermarriage between Anglian and British leading families.

By a complex chain of reasoning, we can deduce that Eanhere married Osthryth, daughter of Oswiu of Northumbria and had sons by her named Osric, Oswald and Oshere. Osthryth is recorded as the wife of Æthelred of Mercia. An earlier marriage to Eanhere would explain why Osric and Oswald are described as Æthelred's nepotes — usually translated as nephews or grandsons, but here probably meaning step-sons.^[8]

Osric was anxious for the Hwicce to gain their own bishop,S51, but it was Oshere whose influence was seen behind the creation of the see of Worcester in 679–80. Presumably Osric was dead by that time. Tatfrid of Whitby was chosen as the first bishop of the Hwicce, but died before ordination, so he was replaced by Bosel. ^[9] A 12th-century chronicler of Worcester comments that Worcester was selected as the seat of the bishop because it was the capital of the Hwicce.^[10]

Oshere was succeeded by his sons Æthelheard, Æthelweard and Æthelric. At the beginning of Offa's reign we find the kingdom ruled by three brothers, named Eanberht, Uhtred and Aldred, the two latter of whom lived until about 780. After them the title of king seems to have been given up. Their successor Æthelmund, who was killed in a campaign against Wessex in 802, is described only as an earl.

The district remained in possession of the rulers of Mercia until the fall of that kingdom. Together with the rest of English Mercia it submitted to King Alfred about 877–883 under Earl Æthelred, who possibly himself belonged to the Hwicce.

[edit] Kings of the Hwicce

No contemporary genealogy or list of kings has been preserved, so the following list has been compiled by historians from a variety of primary sources.^[11] Some kings of the Hwicce seem to have reigned in tandem for all or part of their reign. This gives rise to an overlap in the dates of reigns given below. Please consult individual biographies for a discussion of the dating of these rulers.

Name	Dates	Notes
	628	Kingdom conquered by Penda of Mercia.
Eanhere	mid-7th century
Eanfrith	mid-7th century	Brother of Eanhere.
Osric	active 670s	Entombed in Gloucester Cathedral.
Oshere	active 690s	Brother of Osric. Died before 716.
Æthelheard	active 709	Son of Oshere. Issued charter with Æthelweard.
Æthelweard	active 709	Son of Oshere.
Æthelric	active 736	Son of Oshere.
Eanberht	active 750s	Not recorded after 759.
Uhtred	active 750s - 779
Ealdred	active 750s - 778
	780s	Assimilation of the Hwicce into Mercia is completed.

[edit] Ealdormen of the Hwicce

Name	Dates	Notes
Æthelmund	c. 796-802	Died in battle 802.^[12]
?Æthelric	fl. 804	Son of Æthelmund. His will of 804 requests burial at Deerhurst.[1]
Leofwine	d.c.1023	Father of Leofric, Earl of Mercia
Odda	d.1056	Built Odda's Chapel at Deerhurst for the soul of his brother Ælfric.^[13] Buried at Pershore.^[14]

[edit] Other notables of the Hwicce

Æthelmod granted land to Abbess Beorngyth in October 680 and was probably a member of the royal family.[2]

Osred (c. 693) was a thegn of the Hwicce, who has been described by some historians as a king.^[15]

[edit] Notes

^ Della Hooke, The Kingdom of the Hwicce (1985), pp.12-13
^ J. Manco, Saxon Bath: The Legacy of Rome and the Saxon Rebirth, Bath History, vol. 7 (1998).
^ D.Hooke, The Anglo-Saxon Landscape: The Kingdom of the Hwicce (Manchester, 1985), pp.8–10; Sims-Williams, 'St Wilfred and two charters dated AD 676 and 680', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 39, part 2 (1988), p.169.
^ N.Higham, The English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the fifth century (Manchester, 1994), chaps. 2, 5.
^ Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People ed. J.McClure and R.Collins (Oxford, 1994), p.193.
^ J. Manco, Saxon Bath: The Legacy of Rome and the Saxon Rebirth, Bath History, vol. 7 (1998).
^ C. Thomas, Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 (1981), pp.253–71; Hooke, p.10; C. Heighway, 'Saxon Gloucester' in J. Haslam ed., Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England (Chichester, 1984), p.375.
^ John Leland, Collectanea, vol. 1, p. 240.
^ Bede, The Eccesiastical History of the English People, ed. J. McClure and R. Collins (1994), p. 212; Chronicle of John of Worcester ed. and trans. R.R. Darlington, J. Bray and P. McGurk (Oxford 1995), 136–8.
^ "The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester" in The Church Historians of England ed. and trans. J. Stevenson, vol. 2, p.379.
^ The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. M. Lapidge (Blackwell 1999), 507.
^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
^ Inscription on the chapel: "Earl Odda had this Royal Hall built and dedicated in honour of the Holy Trinity for the soul of his brother, Aelfric, which left the body in this place. Bishop Ealdred dedicated it the second of the Ides of April in the fourteenth year of the reign of Edward, King of the English."
^ Victoria County History of Worcestershire, Vol.2, p.128.
^ For example he appears on this list of Kings of Hwicce. Retrieved on 10 March 2005.