Humanistic Sociology

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Rather than a naive belief that sociological practice should reflect humanist values, a Humanist Sociologist will actively study human values or more precisely systems of values. Historically born in the Polish Diaspora, humanistic sociology is tied to the struggle for academic independence. Consider the end of the academic career of Thomas after his arrest by the FBI and subsequent acquittal of all charges. Thomas married to a pacifist, was known to be a sociologist with a humanistic and pragmatic view of the social basis of crime. Consider also the liquidation in 1951 of Polish Sociology by Stalinist authorities. A purge based on the idea of sociology as a bourgeois science presumably exploiting other disciplines such as philosophy or psychology. Humanistic Sociology can be labelled as liberal or bourgeois, however it is not precisely formalized. Humanistic Sociology seeks to throw light on questions such as "what is the relationship between a man of principle and a man of opportunism". It can be seen that any answer to such a question must draw on experience and facts from many disciplines. The Humanistic Sociologist is thus an academic journeyman, but the question lingers, and increasingly so.

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[edit] Origins

Humanistic Sociology is a domain of sociology that grew from antipositivism. It originated from the initial work of Florian Witold Znaniecki and W. I. Thomas. Znaniecki and Thomas co-authored The Polish Peasant in Europe and America [1]. Thomas had a ethnographical background and was fluent in the Polish language. Thomas developed the life-history method [2] where data is obtained from letters and other materials such as the archives of the Polish Emigrants Protective Association of which Znaniecki was a director. Znaniecki was committed to an independent Poland, this and the outbreak of World War I led Znaniecki to join Thomas at Chicago. Znaniecki was a brilliant philosopher who opposed idealism and naturalism, proposing instead a methodology for social research based around the "humanistic coefficient" sometimes known as the humanist principle. Unfortunately Thomas encountered political problems and his career as an establishment academic was prematurely ended, however he went on to produce important work at the New School for Social Research, working with other notable and important scholars such as Harold Laski. As a result his role in the origins of Humanistic sociology is often understated. Znaniecki went on to a distinguished academic career taking the chair of sociology at the University of Poznan where he founded the Polish Sociological Institute. Fortunately for Znaniecki he was a visiting professor at Columbia University in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. Thus he was spared the tragic history of his motherland at that time [3]. He became a professor at the University of Illinois where he stayed till his death in 1958. The mantle of Humanistic Sociology passed to his gifted student Stanisław Ossowski who revived the Polish Sociological Institute which was liquidated by Stalinist authorities in 1951 as the Polish Sociological Association. Ossowski maintained the noted and considerable resistance by Znaniecki to the ideological control of science [4].

[edit] The principle of analytic induction

Analytic induction is a method of social research that is inductive, where theories and concepts are modified as a result of doing research, see scientific method. The philosophical foundations of Analytic induction originate from Aristotle and his concept of induction. Analytic induction can be thought of as a phenomenological process, that is the phenomena cannot occur or be understood separate from the process. Similar to the Socratic Method or Karl Popper(s) falsification the researcher sets out to disprove his theory by maximising the chance of producing negative evidence. Analytic induction was Znaniecki(s) answer to the problem of induction. Znaniecki believed analytic induction was a new process (at that time) for conducting social research that is capable of universal and precise results.

[edit] Structuralism vs Functionalism

There is a debate between two competing schools of sociological thought, Structuralism and Functionalism. Just what a sociologist will say about Humanistic Sociology, will depend on which school the sociologist is influenced by. This debate is inherited from the European philosophical roots of Humanistic Sociology. Husserl(s) attempt via reflexion to extract the essence of experience as opposed to Heidegger(s) existential phenomenology. While each school can lay claim to legitimate theory, they lead to quite different approaches when interpreting the results of research and developing conclusions. The genesis of the debate relates to the primacy of the Conceptual object(s) involved. Does a researcher consider the structural objects and their relation to the system as a priority or does the researcher consider the function of the object as the priority. The problems found in each school will lead to static analysis. Each school is guilty of bias.

[edit] Structuralism

Znaniecki(s) model was derived independently of Max Weber and Emile Durkheim. The concept of agency derived by Claude Lévi-Strauss provided the foundations for structuralism and the later work of sociologists such as Pierre Bourdieu. Structuralist(s) influenced by Humanistic Sociology will interpret data in terms of opposing valuations, contrasts, and relations. Interpretation of the data must be contextual. Structuralism allows for a realist analysis (structures represent an organized reality) in relation to the larger social system. By understanding the larger social system you are apart from post-modernism, which seeks to describe society by a lack of structure or fragmentation.

[edit] Functionalism

Functionalists seek an objective understanding of the social world. They have a more positivistic view of social science believing objective results can be obtained by techniques like surveys and interviews. They discount the inherent bias of the intellectual believing their results are value-free. Functionalism grew from the work of Max Weber and Emile Durkheim. Functionalism was popular in the period from 1930 to 1960 in the United States. Humanistic Sociology had a role in the decline of Functionalism, this can be seen in the rise of later models which returned a focus to the subjective nature of human experience. For example the later popularity of Post-Modern thinking highlighting the subjective basis of semantics. Humanistic Sociology also differentiates itself form Functionalism in promoting the need for freedom of thinking in the practices of research. Functionalists reject the idea of a realist or structural analysis, seeking instead a more observable explanation with external validation outside the social system.

[edit] Structural functionalism

Some Functionalists actually regard themselves as proponents of Structural functionalism. Structural-Functionalism is close to humanistic sociology in its understanding of society as shared norms and values. Structural functionalism arose from Functionalism in the attempt to explain the dominance of some social groups over others, Conflict theory. Conflict theory contradicts functionalism. Structural functionalism is usually associated with the work of Talcott Parsons. Again Humanistic Sociology had a role in the decline of Structural functionalism. In the Humanistic model there exist dynamical systems of values obtained from social actions in an evolutionary sense.

[edit] Symbolic Interactionism

Many will claim that Symbolic interactionism has grown directly from the work of Thomas and Znaniecki. Symbolic Interactionisim grew out of Structural functionalism. Symbolic interactionism views society as consisting of interactions among individuals. Hence the focus on individuals and the organisation and pattern's found in their everyday activities. It seeks to deal with problems like identity. Problems found in Symbolic interactionism such as inadequate analysis of social structure led to a fork in the road of social science. The school of sociology most influenced by the humanistic model developed by Znaniecki and Thomas led to the development of Ethnomethodology. The other branch in the road led to Post-modernism via poststructuralism.

[edit] Ethnomethodology

Ethnomethodology and the social anthropology of Pierre Bourdieu are probably the best representation of the initial work of Znaniecki and his model of culture as a system of values. In a sense Humanistic sociology has transcended the structure vs function debate, focusing instead on the value-based world of culture. A researcher working as a Humanistic Sociologist has a scientific objectification of values. Using analytic induction in the context of the humanistic coefficient, not unduly influenced by questions of structure or function an objective order for the social world is found. That the character of this social world is derived from sociological sources does not discount a scientific conclusion. A Humanistic Sociologist models the experience of humanity as the span of social action. A Humanistic Sociologist derives a dual structure for this space from axiological constructions mapped by symbolic expressions. A Humanistic Sociologist will follow the path pointed to by Znaniecki and reject the naturalistic view. A Humanistic Sociologist acknowledges the richness and diversity of humanistic experience.

[edit] Post-modernism

Post-modernism by its emphasis on subjectivity implies that no one set of values is any better than any other. It is however quite possible to equate a scientific analysis of value systems with Post-modernism. The analysis of globalisation is one such successful application of the analysis within Post-modernism. By a focus on the subjective nature of experience a Humanistic Sociologist can be a post-modern thinker. However a Humanistic Sociologist has core values and beliefs with which it is possible to assign a positive or negative evaluation to a value. For example the priority of the "inner dignity of man" [5]. Just as in the practices of a Humanistic research, a value is positive to the extent that it leads to creative and constructive social activity [6]. It is therefore wrong to equate Post-modernism with Humanistic Sociology which above all seeks an irreducible representation of the human world.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  • [1] "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America: A Classic Work in Immigration History": William Thomas and Florian Znaniecki,(edited by Eli Zaretsky):Urbana: University of Illinois Press (1996)
  • [2] "The method of sociology": Znaniecki, F: (1934) New York: Farrar & Rinehart.
  • [3] "Rising '44 : the battle for Warsaw": Norman Davies: Viking Books, 2004.
  • [4] "Internal bolshevisation? Elite social science training in stalinist Poland" :Minerva : Volume 34, Number 4 / December, 1996.
  • [5] "The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge": Znaniecki, F: (1986) New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
  • [6] "Cultural Reality. Houston": Znaniecki, F: (1983) Texas: Cap and Gown Press.

[edit] External links

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