Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

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In human genetics, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are haplogroups defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. These haplogroups trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe.

Known haplogroups are assigned the following letter codes: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, HV, I, J, K, L1, L2, L3, M, N, Q, R, T, U, V, W, X, and Z.

The woman who is at the root of all these groups is the most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve.

Contents 1 Evolutionary relationship 1.1 L1 and its descendants 1.2 Descendants of haplogroup L3 1.3 Descendants of haplogroup M* 1.4 Descendants of haplogroup N* 1.5 Descendants of haplogroup R 1.6 Table form 1.7 Other forms 2 See also 3 References 3.1 External links

[edit] Evolutionary relationship

Precise evolutionary relationships between human mitochondrial haplogroups are subject to academic debate.

[edit] L1 and its descendants Haplogroup L1 Haplogroup L2 Haplogroup L2a Haplogroup L2b Haplogroup L2c Haplogroup L2d Haplogroup L3 [edit] Descendants of haplogroup L3 Haplogroup M* Haplogroup N* [edit] Descendants of haplogroup M* Haplogroup M1 Haplogroup CZ Haplogroup C Haplogroup Z Haplogroup D Haplogroup E Haplogroup G, Haplogroup Q

[edit] Descendants of haplogroup N* Haplogroup N1a Haplogroup N1b Haplogroup A Haplogroup I Haplogroup W Haplogroup X Haplogroup R Haplogroup Y [edit] Descendants of haplogroup R Haplogroup B, Haplogroup F, Haplogroup JT Haplogroup J Haplogroup T Haplogroup U Haplogroup K Haplogroup U1 Haplogroup U2 Haplogroup U3 Haplogroup U4 Haplogroup U5 Haplogroup U6 Haplogroup U7 Haplogroup U8 Haplogroup pre-HV Haplogroup HV Haplogroup H Haplogroup V

[edit] Table form

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

mt-most recent common ancestor

L0

L1

L2

L3

M

N

M1

CZ

D

E

G

Q

A

I

W

X

R

N1

N2

Y

C

Z

B

JT

F

U

J

T

K

pre-HV

HV

H

V

[edit] Other forms

For a graphical depiction of haplogroup branching, see Vincent Macaulay's mtDNA haplogroup skeleton. ^[1]

For information on the mutations which characterize each haplogroup, see the table of mtDNA haplogroup motifs. ^[2]

[edit] See also

• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• * (haplogroup)
• molecular phylogeny
• genetic genealogy
• genealogical DNA test

[edit] References

• ↑  Mitochondrial haplogroup skeleton, by Vincent Macaulay
• ↑  Mitochondrial haplogroup motifs, by Vincent Macaulay

[edit] External links

• Indian maternal gene pool, Journal of Human Genetics
• The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape, American Journal of Human Genetics
• Do the Four Clades of the mtDNA Haplogroup L2 Evolve at Different Rates?, American Journal of Human Genetics
• The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event, American Journal of Human Genetics