HRS-100
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HRS-100 (Serbian: Hibridni Računarski Sistem - Hybrid Computer System) model 100 was a third generation hybrid computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia) and engineers from USSR. It was deployed in Academy of Sciences of USSR in 1971. More production was contemplated for use in Czechoslovakia and German Democratic Republic (DDR).
HRS-100 was intended for scientific and technical research, modelling of complex dynamical systems in real and accelerated time and for efficient solving of wide array of scientific tasks.
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[edit] Overview
HRS-100 was composed of:
- universal digital computer:
- central processor
- 16 kilowords of 0.9 μs 36-bit magnetic core primary memory, expandable to 64 kilowords.
- secondary disk storage
- peripheral devices (teleprinters, punched tape reader/puncher, parallel printer and punched card reader.
- multiple analog computer modules
- interconnection devices
- multiple analog and digital peripheral devices
[edit] Central Processor
HRS-100 has a 32-bit TTL MSI processor with following capabilities:
- four basic arithmetic operations are implemented in hardware for both fixed point and floating point operations
- Addressing modes: immediate/literal, absolute/direct, relative, unlimited-depth multi-level memory indirect and relative-indirect
- 7 index registers and dedicated "index arithmetic" hardware
- 32 interrupt "channels" (10 from within the CPU, 10 from peripherals and 12 from interconnection devices and analog computer)
[edit] Primary memory
Primary memory was made up of 0.9 μs cycle time magnetic core modules. Each 36-bit word is organized as follows:
- 32 data bits
- 1 parity bit
- 3 program protection bits specifying which program (Operating System and up to 7 running applications) has access
[edit] Secondary storage
Secondary storagte was composed of up to 8 CDC 9432D removable-media disk drive devices. Capacity of one set of disk platters wasa about 4 million 6-bit words or 768,000 words of HRS-100 computer. Total, combined, capacity of 8 drives is, therefore, 6,144,000 words. Each disk set comprised of 6 platters out of which 10 surfaces are used. Data was organized into 100 cylinders and 16 1536-bit sectors (48 HRS-100 words).
Average data access time was 100 ms (max. 165 ms). Maximum seek time was 25 ms. Raw transfer sector write speed was 208,333 characters/s.
[edit] Peripherals
Peripherals communicate with the computer using interrupts and full length of HRS-100 words. Each separate unit has its own controller. Following devices were produces or planned:
- 5 to 8 channel Punched tape reader PE 1001 (500-1000 characters/s)
- 5 to 8 channel tape puncher PE 4060 (150 characters/s)
- IBM 735 teleprinter (88 character set, 7-bit data + 1 parity bit, printing speed: 15 characters/s)
- Fast line printer DP 2440 (up to 700 lines/min, 64-character set, 132 characters per line)
- Standard 80-column punched card reader DP SR300 (reading up to 300 cards/min)
[edit] Interconnection Hardware
Interconnection hardware (called simply "Link") connects digital and analog components of HRS-100 into a single unified computer. It was comprised of:
- Control unit for exchange of logic signals
- Blocks of A/D and D/A converters
- 16-bit 100 μs clock generator
- Conversion channel relay block
- Power supply
Link takes commands from a digital computer component and organizes their execution via 2 32-bit data channels, 11 control channels, synchronization signals via 3 channels and 9 interrupt channels. Connection between a digital and analog computers is established through a "common-control panel" and two separate consoles. Communicating digital data with analog consoles is done through 16 control, 16 sensitivity, 16 indicator and 10 functional "lines".
Analog-to-digital conversion is achieved by a single signed 14-bit 70,000 samples/s A/D converter and a 32-channel multiplexer. Digital-to-analog conversion is achieved by 16 independent signed 14-bit D/A converters with double registers. Typical D/A conversion took 2 μs.
[edit] Analog Computer
Analog component of HRS-100 system is composed of up to seven analog machines all connected to the common-control panel. It contains all elements required to independently solve linear and non-linear differential equations, both directly and iteratively.
Units of analog computer:
- linear analog calculation elements
- non-linear analog calculation elements
- parallel logic elements
- electronic potentiometer system
- calculation module and parallel logic control system
- periodic block
- control system
- address system
- measurement system
- exchangable program board (analog and digital)
- reference voltate supply
Linear analog computer elements were designed to facilitate 0.01% precision in static mode and 0.1% in dynamic mode, for signals up to 1kHz. Non-linear elements precision was not required to be better than 0.1%.
Analog component of HRS-100 has its own peripheral units:
- multi-channel ultraviolet writer
- three-colour oscilloscope
- X-Y writer
[edit] See also
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Computer systems from Serbia |
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| 1980‑2000: |
TIM-100 | TIM-001 | TIM-600 | TIM-011 | TIM-40M | ATLAS-TIM AT 32 | Galaksija | Galaksija Plus | Pecom 32 | Pecom 64 | Lira XT | Lola 8 | PA512 | LPA512 |
| 1960‑1979: |
CER Computers (CER-10, CER-2, CER-20, CER-200, CER-202, CER-22, CER-12, CER-203) | HRS-100 |
| Theoretical: | |
| See also: |
Full lists from Serbia | former Yugoslavia | World and history of computing in: Serbia | former Yugoslavia | (former) communist countries | World |
