HP-48 series
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The HP-48 is a series of graphing calculators using Reverse Polish notation (RPN) and the RPL programming language, produced by Hewlett-Packard (HP) from 1990 until 2003. The series include the HP-48S, HP-48SX, HP-48G, HP-48GX, and HP-48G+, the G models being expanded and improved versions of the S models. The models with an X suffix are expandable via special RAM (memory expansion) and ROM (software application) cards. In particular, the GX models have more onboard memory than the G models. The G+ models have more onboard memory only. The SX and S models have the same amount of onboard memory.
Note that the similarly named HP-48GII (2004) is not really a member of the series, but rather much more closely related to the HP-49G and HP-49G+.
The hardware architecture developed for the HP-48 series became the basis for the HP-38G, with a simplified user interface and an infix input method, and the HP-49G with various software enhancements. Likewise, the hardware and software design of the HP-48 calculators are themselves strongly influenced by other calculators in the HP line, most of all by the HP-18 and HP-28 series.
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[edit] Specifications
The HP-48 series' Saturn microprocessor is an 8-bit CPU hardware-wise but acts like a 4-bit processor in that it presents nibble-based data to programs and uses a nibble-based addressing system. External logical data fetches are transparently converted to 8-bit physical fetches. The processor has a 20 bit address bus available to code but due to the presence of the high/low nibble selection bit, only 19 bits are available externally.
In both the HP-48S/SX and G/GX series, the Saturn CPU core is integrated as part of a more complex integrated circuit (IC) package. These packages have codenames inspired by the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The codename of the IC is Clarke in the S/SX, after William Clark, and Yorke in the G/GX, after Clark's manservant. The previous series of Saturn-based ICs were codenamed Lewis, after Meriwether Lewis.
[edit] Common for all models
- CPU architecture: Saturn
- Screen resolution: 131×64 pixels
- Communication Ports: 4-pin RS-232 (Serial port) or Infrared port (not IrDA)
- Data bus width: 8-bit (external)
- Maximum 4-bit-cell address width: 20 bits (leading to the address space shown next)
- Logical address space: 512 kB
- Maximum register size: 64 bit (both working and scratch registers)
- Available expansion card ports on X models: 2
- Expansion card pins: 40
[edit] HP-48S/SX specific
- CPU clock frequency: 2 MHz
- Memory clock frequency: 2 MHz
- CPU codename: Clarke
- Communication Protocol(s): Serial Transfers: Kermit (protocol); Infrared Transfers: proprietary
- On-board ROM: 256 kB
- On-board RAM: 32 kB
- Maximum additional memory per expansion card: 128 kB (SX only)
- ROM versions: A, B, C, D, E, F, J
[edit] HP-48G/GX specific
- CPU clock frequency: 3.7 to 4 MHz (varies according to temperature [1])
- Memory clock frequency: 2 MHz
- CPU codename: Yorke
- Communication Protocol(s): Serial Transfers: Kermit (protocol) or Xmodem; Infrared Transfers: proprietary
- On-board ROM: 512 kB
- On-board RAM: 32 kB (G) or 128 kB (G+/GX)
- Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 1: 128 kB
- Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 2: 4 MB (128 kB addressable at any given time via bank switching)
- Other communication protocols: XModem
- ROM versions: K, L, M, P, R
[edit] Programming
The HP-48 series of calculators support a stack-based programming language named Reverse Polish Lisp (RPL), a combination of Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) and Lisp. RPL adds the concepts of lists and functions to stack-based programming, allowing the programmer to pass unevaluated code as arguments to functions, or return unevaluated code from a function by leaving it on the stack. In spite of the name, RPL resembles Forth more closely than Lisp.
RPL comes in two flavors: User RPL and System RPL. User RPL is the language that a user can program directly on the calculator. System RPL requires an external compiler; this may be done on the calculator with a third-party utility, or on another machine. The two languages vary mainly in the number of low-level operations available to them. User RPL does not expose any commands which do not check their arguments. Consequently, User RPL programs cannot normally crash the calculator, whereas a System RPL program which invokes a command with incorrect arguments will almost certainly leave the calculator in a state which requires a full memory reset (occasionally referred to as a three-finger salute, since it requires pressing the ON, the A, and the F keys on the calculator at the same time).
It is also possible to program the HP48 directly in Machine Language code. Some books are available on this subject. Some of them are freely available on the web (see external links).
Programmers working in System RPL or machine language most commonly work on an HP48 emulator, since it is much quicker and easier to restore the state of a crashed emulator than to do the same with the calculator itself.
[edit] References
- Wickes, W. C. and Patton, C. M. (1991). "The HP 48SX Scientific Expandable Calculator: Innovation and Evolution". Hewlett-Packard Journal 42 (3): 6–12.
- Byrne, Diana K., et al. (1994). "An Advanced Scientific Graphing Calculator: A concise treatment of design objectives, major engineering decisions, and the hardware/software of the HP-48G/GX, compared to the S/SX". Hewlett-Packard Journal 45 (4): 6–22.
- Mastracci, M. (1998) Guide to the Saturn Processor. (with HP48 applications). Retrieved on May 3, 2006. (Plain text file).
- Paul Courbis and Sébastien Lalande, translated in english by Douglas R. Cannon (1993) HP48 Machine Language Programming. (with HP48 applications). (PDF files).
- Paul Courbis and Sébastien Lalande (1991), french book about ML programming and more Voyage au centre de la HP48. (with HP48 applications). (PDF files).
- Paul Courbis (1993), french book about ML programming and more Voyage au centre de la HP48g/gx. (with HP48 applications). (PDF files).
