HMS Rupert (1872)

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Career
Laid down:	June 6, 1870
Floated out:	March 12, 1872
Completed:	July 1, 1874
Broken up:	1907
Specification
Displacement:	5,440 tons
Length:	250 ft
Beam:	53 ft
Draught:	22ft 6 inches
Engine:	Two-shaft Napier, I.H.P.= 4,630
Speed:	13.59 knots
Complement:	217
Armament 1874:	An armoured ram Two 10 inch muzzle-loading rifles Two 64-pounder smoothbore
Armament 1887:	An armoured ram Two 10 inch muzzle-loading rifles Two 6 inch breech-loaders Twelve smaller guns Four torpedo tubes
Armament 1892:	Two 9.2 inch breech-loaders Two 6 inch breech-loaders Four 6-pounder quick-firers Eight smaller guns Four torpedo tubes
Armour:	Belt 11 inches tapering to 9 inches Breastwork 12 inches Turret 14 inches face, 12 inches sides Conning tower 12 inches Deck 3 inches tapering to 2 inches

HMS Rupert was a battleship of the Victorian Royal Navy, whose principal weapon was designed to be her ram.

She was similar in design to HMS Hotspur, but unlike her carried a revolving turret similar to that carried in HMS Glatton. For reasons not recorded, it would appear that the belief prevalent at the time of the design of Hotspur that a ramming attack would damage the turret mechanism no longer held sway when Rupert was proposed.

As was Hotspur, she was designed at time, shortly after the battle of Lissa, when it was believed that ramming attacks would, in the event of naval conflict, be the most effective form of offensive action. Artillery power was therefore given second priority to handiness and to frontal armour, including a prolongation of the belt armour to reinforce the ram. She carried two guns in her single turret, as against the single piece in Hotspur, but there was no intention or expectation of achieving all-round fire. The guns would bear from the bow to just abaft the beam on either side, except for the obstruction of the foremast and associated shrouds.

The ship was fitted with a fore-and-aft rig on her two masts, which had been designed to allow progress in the event of engine failure. Her sail effort was, however, described by her first Captain as "not worth the inconvenience of keeping them up".

As the ram had only been seen to be effective against stationary targets, as at the battle of Lissa, and against friendly ships in the course of accidental collision, the high reputation it enjoyed is wholly understandable. A report by Capt. W.E.gordon, submitted to the Board of Admiralty in February 1878 and referring to Rupert says: "she is a comparatively simple weapon within the capacity of an ordinary man to make the best use of, whereas the Captain of the Alexanda or Temeraire in action would be like a man armed with sword, rapier, rifle and pistol, trying to use them all at the same time. No man's faculties are equal to making the best use of such complicated machines." The unattributed comments to this report include the phrase "good in theory but not practicable supposing enemy has 14-15 knots and Rupert 11-12".

Unlike every other battleship, Rupert did not have a centre-line conning tower. Uniquely, she possessed two armoured pilot towers, one on either side just abaft the waist. These gave a good view on the beam, but very limited view over the bow, and her first Captain described them as ""almost useless".

[edit] Service History

She was commissioned at Devonport for the Mediterranean, and served there from 1876 to 1880. She was thereafter held in reserve at Portsmouth until being assigned to service in the Particulat Service Squadron during the Russian war scare of April to August; 1885. She was then assigned as guard ship at Hull until 1890. After reconstruction and re-armament between 1891 and 1893 she was guardship at Pembroke until 1895. She was port guard ship at Gibraltar between 1895 and 1902, in Fleet Reserve until 1904, and finally guard ship at Bermuda until her sale in 1907.

[edit] References

Oscar Parkes British Battleships ISBN 0-85052-604-3

Conway All the World's Fighting Ships ISBN 0-85177-133-5