History of monarchy in Canada
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[edit] Kingdoms and Colonies
Monarchy has been a concept in Canada since the first encounters between French and British clonizers and indigenous North Americans.[1][2] Europeans often considered vast tracts of land within territories of different aboriginal groups to be Kingdoms. The leaders of these groups were often referred to by the Europeans as Kings, particularly hereditary leaders.[3]
Since the establishment of New France, Canada has been the territory of a monarchy or a monarchy in its own right. Kings and queens reigning over Canada have included the monarchs of France (from Francis I in 1534 to Louis XV in 1763), those of the UK (from Anne of Great Britain in 1713 to King George VI in 1952), to Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada today.
During the period of colonization in North America, affairs of State were handled by representatives of monarchs, often called governors. Areas governed by British monarchs were primarily known as colonies, while New France ruled by French monarchs varied. At one time New France was a province of France ruled directly by its King.
Relations with aboriginals, originally considered to be between European and North American monarchs, changed to that between sovereign and subject, leading to the incorporation of treaties with the Crown into the political culture of Canada. The rule of various monarchs as well as their affairs in Europe would also affect the affairs of the European colonies in North America. Eventually almost all of the French posessions in what was known as Canada would be transferred from the French Crown to the British Crown, providing Canada with one singular monarchy.
During the period of transfer of territories between the Crowns, the area of Acadia (today Nova Scotia), then populated by descendants of French colonialists, was ceeded by France to Britain through the Treaty of Utrecht in 1715. However, during the escalation of hostilities in the leadup to the Seven Years' War, the Acadians were asked by British officials, uneasy over which side the Acadians' loyalties lay with, to reaffirm their allegiance to the British Crown. The Acadians refused, and were subsequently deported from the area, many resettling in Louisiana, New France, other British-American colonies, or France itself. This act became known as the Great Upheaval.
Prince William, later King William IV, arrived in Canada in July of 1776, when he stated of the country, and more specifically, St. John's, "truly deplorable... a most dreadful, inhospitable and barren country." However, he later changed his opinion after meeting the local women, and commented on Canada's "inexhaustable supply of women of the most obliging kind."[4]
Prince Edward (later Edward, Duke of Kent) served in Canada on military duties and as Commander of British North American troops from 1791 until the turn of that century; it is said that during that time he fathered two children in Canada by his Canadian mistress, Julie de St. Laurent.[4] In 1792, when the first elections for the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada took place, a riot, fuelled by ethnic character, broke out at one of the polls. The Prince climbed up to where he could be heard and addressed the crowd, stating: "Part then in peace. I urge you to unanimity and accord. Let me hear no more of the odious distinctions of English and French. You are all His Britannic Majesty's beloved Canadian subjects." It was reportedly the first time the word "Canadian", which had previously been reserved only for Francophones, was used in a manner that included all colonialists.[5]
Almost twenty years later, Prince Edward's only daughter, Victoria, was born on May 24, 1819, at Kensington Palace. However, Edward died shortly thereafter, leaving Victoria heir to the throne. Upon the death King William IV, who had, as Prince William, served in Canada and the West Indies as part of a naval contingent through 1786 to 1787, Victoria ascended as Queen at the age of 18. The final transition to a constitutional monarchy throughout the Empire was made during her long reign.
Though she would never visit Canada, thanks to the spread of newspapers and the invention of photography, her image was reproduced sufficiently to maintain popularity and loyalty in her colonies. However, there were still insurrections against the Crown during the early part of her reign, notably the Rebellions of 1837. These rebellions led the British government to grant responsible government to the Canadas, with the support of Victoria herself. (This later became the subject of a CBC Heritage Minute historical vignette.)
Victoria's marriage to Prince Albert brought nine children between 1840 and 1857. Some of her children and grandchildren would come to live at Rideau Hall, as members of the Royal family would become Governors General of Canada.
[edit] Confederation and the Dominion
Prior to the creation of Canada in 1867 through a document called the British North America Act (BNA Act) a number of issues were of concern during the discussions over the act. The Fathers of Confederation had originally wanted to create their new country as "The Kingdom of Canada," and there remained debate over where the capital was to be.
The former issue caused worries that such a name would provoke the United States to the south. As a compromise and in tribute to the monarchical principle, the term Dominion was adopted in the 1867 act as the country's legal title, and Dominion of Canada would be sanctioned as an official political title for the country.[6] Many names other than Canada had also been proposed, one of which was Victorialand in honour of the Queen.
- Further information: Canda's name
The BNA Act left the decision of whether or not Canada's capital should be in York (now Toronto), Montreal, Quebec City, or even Kingston, to the Queen. Many myths surrounding the decision would develop over time, but ultimately the Queen's reasoning was that Bytowne (Ottawa, as it was renamed) was both defensible, located on the Ottawa River (a major waterway), and sat on the border of Upper (English) and Lower (French) Canada.
After the Second Reform Act of 1867, and the growth of the two-party (Liberal and Conservative) system, the Queen's room for manoeuvre decreased. Her freedom to choose which individual should occupy the Premiership (office of the Prime Minister) was increasingly restricted.
In 1878 Lord Lorne's appointment as Governor General of Canada was announced. For the first time Rideau Hall would have a royal resident – Victoria's fourth daughter, Princess Louise.
The Royal Couple made many lasting contributions to Canadian society especially in the arts and sciences, including the establishment of the Royal Society of Canada, the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts and the National Gallery of Canada. At Rideau Hall, he and Princess Louise hosted many skating and tobogganing parties as well as balls, dinners and State occasions. A door on which the Princess painted sprigs of apple blossoms can still be seen in the Monck wing corridor in Rideau Hall.
Louise gave the name Regina (which is Latin for Queen) to the capital of Saskatchewan, and Alberta's Lake Louise was named after her.
In Queen Victoria's latter years, both the Golden (1887) and the Diamond (1897) Jubilees, held to celebrate the 50th and 60th anniversaries of the queen's accession, were marked with great displays and public ceremonies in Canada. On both occasions, Colonial Conferences attended by the Prime Ministers of the self-governing colonies, inculding Canada's, were held in the United Kingdom.
Victoria died at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, on 22 January 1901 after a reign which lasted almost 64 years, the longest in British and Canadian history. Her long and popular reign resulted in many cities such as Victoria, British Columbia being named in her honour, and monuments, such as a statues on Parliament Hill and throughout the provinces.
[edit] Monarchy into the 20th Century
Victoria's reign was followed by King Edward VII.
In 1901 the Son of Edward VII, Prince George (later George V), and his wife, the Duchess of Cornwall and York, toured across Canada as part of an Empire-wide voyage. In 1908, the Duke returned, as Prince of Wales, to celebrate Quebec City's tercentenary. Though he would not return to Canada, the reign of King George V would oversee the first World War, as well as great constitutional changes for the British Empire, and set the stage for the rise of the Commonwealth; events having profound effect on the Dominion of Canada.
[edit] Monarchy during & after the "War To End All Wars"
In 1911 King George V appointed his uncle, HRH Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, as Governor General of Canada. Prince Arthur was the third son of Queen Victoria, and thus the first member of the Royal Family to serve as Governor General of Canada.
During the First World War Prince Arthur stressed the importance of Canadian military contributions, but also sought to enhance charity at home. The Connaughts also made an effort to contribute to the social life of the capital, making Rideau Hall a major site for events for Canadians from across the country; a practice that continues today.
The Prince went to his office in the East Block of Parliament Hill daily when he was in Ottawa. He also travelled throughout Canada with his family, meeting various Canadians, and promoting military training and readiness for Canadian troops. Port Arthur, now part of Thunder Bay, Ontario, was named in his honour. He also gave his name to Connaught Cup, for pistol marksmanship of recruits in the Royal North West Mounted Police. He was active in auxiliary war services and charities and conducted a number hospital visits.
Princess Patricia, his daughter, also lent her name and support to the raising of a new Canadian army regiment - Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Princess Patricia personally designed its badge and colours for the regiment to take overseas to France, and as the regiment's Colonel-in-Chief, played an active role in the regiment until her death.
The Duchess of Connaught, in addition to working for the Red Cross and other organisations, for Christmas in 1915 sent a card and a box of maple sugar to every Canadian serving overseas. She also had a knitting machine at Rideau Hall, on which she made thousands of pairs of socks for soldiers. Following the war, the Duke commissioned a stained glass window, located in St. Bartholomew's Church, next to Rideau Hall, in memory of the Government House staff who lost their lives during the war.
In September of 1916, after the Parliament buildings were almost completely destroyed by fire in February of the same year, Prince Arthur laid the cornerstone for the new buildings in Ottawa. In addition improvements were made to Rideau Hall during the Connaught's term. The present facade (which includes the Royal Coat of Arms carved in stone) was added to the front of the building, as well as other renovations and the planting of hundreds of deciduous trees on the grounds.
At the end of 1916 Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, publicly stated his regret on leaving Canada, as he and his family had grown very comfortable there.
Edward, Prince of Wales, toured Canada in 1919, when, in Toronto, he was greeted with enthusiasm by a crowd of soldiers just returned from Europe after the end of the War. They lifted the Prince off his horse, and "passed him, like a football, over their heads." During that same visit a veteran approached the Prince and said "put it there, Ed." From that point on Edward shook hands with anyone who approaced him, to the point where his right hand "became so black, swollen and painful from the continued enthusiatic handshaking that, in his own words, he 'retired it temporarily from Imperial service, and offered the left instead."[4]
Ten years later the advice of a Canadian Prime Minister was publicly rejected by a vice-regal for the first time since Confederation in 1867. In early 1926, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King went, amid scandals and fearing a loss of the confidence of the House, to Governor General Lord Byng requesting a dissolution of Parliament and the issue of Election Writs. Byng, without consulting the British government, used his constitutional ability to exercise the Royal Prerogative, and refused. Without support, this forced King to tender his resignation to Byng, who then invited Arthur Meighen, leader of the Loyal Opposition, to form a government. However, within days Meighen lost the confidence of the House by only one vote, and an election was forced anyway, with the results being a return of King's Liberals to a majority, forcing Byng to appoint him as Prime Minister again.[7]
Stemming from this incident, the results of an Imperial Conference began a chain of events which greatly changed Canada's relationship to the United Kingdom, and the role of the Monarchy within the country. It was with the issuing of the Balfour Declaration that year that the dominions of the British Crown were declared to be considered equal to the UK, a concept introduced by Mackenzie King, based on his experiences with the "King-Byng Affair" earlier that year.[8] This declaration also instigated the convention that the Governor General would no longer be a diplomatic channel between the Canadian and British governments, but rather a direct representative of the King only.
The first example of these concepts affecting law was seen in Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act of 1927. In regards to the former dominions, this act altered part of the King's title to reflect his status as King of each realm individually, rather than as King of the United Kingdom throughout all the dominions. By 1931 these concepts of independence and equality were written into the Statute of Westminster, along with a legal end of the ability of the British Parliament to legislate for Canada. As a result the King could now be advised on Canadian affairs by his Canadian ministers only. Further, laws outlining the line of succession, most notably the Act of Settlement, 1701, were now under the control of the Canadian Parliament; however, it was laid out in the preamble to the Statute that no Realm could alter the line of succession without the expressed consent of each of the other Realms. This convention applied to the UK as well.[9]
In 1931, George V proposed that his son, then Prince Albert, Duke of York, become Governor General of Canada. This proposal was ultimately rejected by the Canadian ministers; but, as Albert went on to become King George VI, had the idea been accepted, a Canadian Governor General who represented the King would have gone on to become King of Canada himself.[10]
In 1932 King George gave the first annual Christmas Broadcast by the Sovereign to the Empire. This tradition is continued to day as a broadcast to the Commonwealth.
Three years later the King celebrated his Silver Jubilee. However, he would die in 1936 and his son succeeded to the throne as King Edward VIII. However, that same year George VI became King of Canada unexpectedly following the abdication of his brother. It was this abdiaction that first demonstrated that each Realm now had control over the line of succession within its jurisdiction; with Canada passing the Succession to the Throne Act (1 Geo. IV, c.16) to effect changes to the rules of succession in Canada to assure consistency with the changes in the rules then in place in Great Britain; and the Irish Free State passing their abdication act a day following the other Realms. [11]
In 1939 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth arrived for a tour of Canada, the first ever by Canada's reigning Monarch. During this Royal Tour, the couple traveled the country from coast to coast, and George gave Royal Assent to nine bills in the Canadian Parliament. The King and Queen also made a brief foray into the United States, visiting Washington, New York and Poughkeepsie; they were accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister, still Mackenzie King, as the sole Minister in Attendance, rather than by a British minister, by way of reinforcing that their visit to the United States was a visit from Canada.[12] To a large extent this was a matter of public relations and, as the American part of the tour (as with the Canadian sectors) was calculated to shore up sympathy for Britain in anticipation of hostilities with Germany (Goodwin, op. cit.). Nevertheless, as early as 1939 it was deemed appropriate for the novel doctrine of the discrete crowns of Commonwealth Realms to be ostentatiously asserted.
Prime Minister King also wished that this tour of the King and Queen would be an assertion of Canada's status as a kingdom independent of Britain. As he stated in his diary on May 17, 1939: "I ... told [the Queen] that I felt somewhat embarrassed about taking in the entire trip with Their Majesties; that it looked like pushing myself to the fore, yet I felt that unless some evidence of Dominion precedence existed, one of the main purposes of the trip would be gone. The Queen then said: The King and I felt right along that you should come with us."[13]
This visit marked the first time that the Sovereign's official Canadian birthday was marked with the Sovereign himself present in the country. Forty-six years later, during a tour of Canada, Queen Elizabeth, by then the Queen Mother, stated in a speech: "It is now some 46 years since I first came to this country with the King, in those anxious days shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War. I shal always look back upon that visit with feelings of affection and happiness. I think I lost my heart to Canada and Canadians, and my feelings have not changed with the passage of time."[14]
[edit] World War II and the resident monarchies
Once war broke out in Europe later that year, it had originally been planned that the King, Queen, and their children would leave London, UK, for Ottawa, to stay for the duration of the War. But it was decided that morale in Britain would be diminished if the Royal Family were to abandon the European front.
Instead the arrangements made for Canada's Monarchy was adapted for Europe's leaders in exile. Among Canada's royal guests were Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Martha of Norway, Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix of Luxembourg, King Peter of Yugoslavia, King George of Greece, Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Austria) and her daughters, as well as Queen Wilhelmina, Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, and Princess Margriet of the Netherlands. Many of the aforementioned resided at Rideau Hall itself.
Princess Margriet was born in Ottawa, at the Civic Hospital, where the delivery room was temporarily declared Dutch soil to ensure that the Princess was born in the Netherlands, though it would later be ruled that she was a still a British subject, making her later still, and today, a subject of the Canadian Crown. To this day, Holland sends tulips to Ottawa for the Tulip Festival, which commemorates the assistance Canada gave to Holland.
In 1940 following the sudden death of John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir while in office, Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, an uncle of King George VI, was approached to assume the post of Governor General of Canada. Though they arrived safely, the trip to Canada with his wife, Princess Alice (a granddaughter of Queen Victoria) was complicated by the war with Nazi Germany.
During his time in Office the Earl of Athlone and Princess Alice became key supporters of the war effort. Princess Alice became Honorary Commandant of a number of women's military services, and His Excellency travelled extensively in Canada in an effort to spread the message that King George VI was dedicated to fighting totalitarianism.
In 1943 and 1944 respectively, the Royal, and Vice-Regal, couple, hosted American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill at the Quebec Conferences. These meetings in La Citadelle du Québec helped decide the strategies of the Western Allies that would lead to victory over Nazi Germany and Japan in 1945.
[edit] Monarchy after the wars
After the death of the King, in 1952, after he failed to recover from a lung operation, and died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 at Sandringham, Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne of numerous realms, colonies, and territories, as well as to the headship of the Commonwealth of Nations. She was already familiar to numerous Canadians, having broadcast for the first time in October 1940, when she was 14, sending a message during the BBC's children's programme, to all the children of Britain and the Commonwealth.
It was during a 1947 tour of South Africa that she celebrated her twenty-first birthday, and gave a broadcast address dedicating herself to the service of the Commonwealth. This was a first for a female heiress, as it was traditional for the Prince of Wales (which at the time there was none) to make an oath to his future subjects. She repeated her dedication five years later during her Coronation Oath.
The Queen's Coronation took place in Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, with the Prime Ministers and leading citizens of Canada, present amongst representatives of the other Commonwealth countries, and of foreign states. The ceremony was broadcast on radio around the world and, at the Queen's request, on television. That winter Her Majesty set out to accomplish, as Queen, the Commonwealth tour she had begun before the death of her father.
Since that time the Queen has been present in Canada more than any other monarch before her. In 1957 she toured Ottawa and Hull opening the 1st Session of Canada's 23rd Parliament. It was at the beginning of this tour that the Queen gave her first-ever live television address, reading a speech from Rideau Hall, followed by various musical performances in honour of the Queen, including a live performance by Glenn Gould (footage of which was only just discovered leading up to the Queen's 2002 Jubilee tour of Canada). (See Glenn Gould - Lost footage)
Two years later Queen Elizabeth II toured every province and territory and opened the St. Lawrence Seaway. It was here, in Prescott, Ontario that she made her first ever appearance on live television.[15] In 1964 she would commemorate the Charlotte and Quebec conferences, and another three years later Canada's centennial and attend the Montreal Expo.
In 1973 Queen Elizabeth II hosted the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in Ottawa, receiving each Prime Minister at Rideau Hall. She would be present for many more events ranging from Her Proclamation of the Constitution Act 1982, to her Silver and Golden Jubilees, and mark the anniversaries of the entry of many provinces and territories into confederation.
- Further information: Royal visits to Canada
Through the 1960s and 70s, the rise of Quebec nationalism and changes in Canadian identity created an atmosphere where the purpose and role of the Canadian Monarchy came into question. During a visit to Quebec in 1964, at the height of the Quiet Revolution, the Quebec press published reports of a separatist plot to assassinate the Queen, and the sentiment became pronounced when she was greeted by anti-monarchist demonstrations; the route of her procession was lined with Quebecers showing their backs to the Monarch. On Samedi de la matraque (Truncheon Saturday), police violently dispersed anti-monarchist demonstrators and arrested 36, including some who were there to cheer the Queen.[16]
At the first meeting of the Constitutional Conference, held in Ottawa in February, 1968, delegates from Quebec indicated that a Provincial President might suit the Province better than a Lieutenant Governor. However, there was overall a feeling that the Monarchy "has served us well and that its reform has no great priority in the present round of constitutional changes."[17]
References to the Monarch and the Monarchy were slowly removed from the public eye (e.g., the Queen's portrait from public buildings and schools, and the Royal Mail became a crown corporation, Canada Post). The Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into the unified Canadian Forces; however, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police remain the national police force. This reached a head in the 1970s with various proposed constitutional changes by the government of Pierre Trudeau, in which the Governor General would be made full Head of State, and renamed "First Canadian," removing any role for the Queen. The premiers of the provinces reacted strongly against these proposals. These moves also led to the creation of the Monarchist League of Canada in defence of Canada's status as a constitutional monarchy.
Canada gained full independence as an autonomous constitutional monarchy when the Constitution was patriated under Prime Minister Trudeau, and Proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth II, in 1982, making it Canadian law rather than an act of the British parliament that required amendment in both jurisdictions.
- Further information: Canada Act 1982
The Constitution Act of 1982 also entrenched the monarchy in Canada. Any change to the position of the monarch or the monarch's representatives in Canada now requires the consent of the Senate, the House of Commons, and the legislative assemblies of all the provinces.
The Queen also oversaw the transfer of many of her duties to her representatives in Canada, and by the early 1970s it was common practice for the Governor General to represent the Queen and Canada abroad on State Visits. There were also instances when the Governor General appeared alongside the Queen at events abroad, though the two had been together at ceremonies in Canada previously.
The Queen returned to Canada in 1990 for a royal tour. This was trip had originally been planned purposefully for the Queen to put her signature to a constitutional amendment, following the Meech Lake Accord. The Accord, however, failed, and there was a general fear for the unity of Canada at the time. On Parliament Hill, on Canada Day, Elizabeth addressed the crowds gathered for celebrations, and stated: "It is my fondest wish for this Canada Day that Canadians come together and remain together rather than dwelling on differences which might further divide them. I and members of my family have been with you on many special days in the life of this country. I particularly recall another fist of July in Canada's centennial year here on Parliament Hill. I said then and I repeat it today that Canada is a country that has been blessed beyond most countries in the world. It is a country worth working for."[18]
In 1995, during a separatist referendum campaign, the Queen was tricked into speaking, in both French and English, for fourteen minutes with 29-year-old Pierre Brassard, a DJ for Radio CKOI-FM Montreal, pretending to be then Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. When told that the separatists were showing a lead, the Queen did reveal that she felt the "referendum may go the wrong way," adding, "if I can help in any way, I will be very happy to do so". However, she pointedly refused to accept "Chrétien"s advice that she intervene on the issue without first seeing a draft speech sent by him. (Her tactful handling of the call won plaudits from the DJ who made it.) [19]
[edit] Monarchy in the New Millennium
The Canadian Monarchy has evolved over time, adapting to each successive generation. In the new millennium the current Royal Family has maintained the strongest ties to Canada in comparison to previous generations of royals. They have travelled to, and attended more events, than any other non-resident royal in Canada's history.
Like many other public figures, the Monarchy's popularity ebs and flows; its future role in Canada depends as much upon the political elite as it does on public support.
Leading up to the end of 1999, it was leaked from Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's office that there had been a plan for "severing the final ties" with the Monarchy by the turn of the millennium. However, as soon as this was revealed, many denounced the plan, including Chrétien, who said on CTV News that the topic was not a Liberal priority, nor one for average Canadians, admitting "There's no big debate in Canada." A survey of commentary in various sources by the ten provincial premiers at the time revealed one in favour of a republic (Newfoundland), one abstaining from comment (Quebec), and the remaining eight in support of Canada's Monarchy. The Ottawa Citizen's headline read: "Which millennium"?[20]
One group, Citizens for a Canadian Republic, formed in 2002 to promote the changing of Canada from a kingdom to a republic, though debate on this matter is now minimal.
- Further information: Debate on the Canadian monarchy
In October of the same year the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh undertook a twelve day tour across Canada to celebrate the Queen's Golden Jubilee. It was during this trip that Elizabeth II opened the new Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, dropped a ceremonial puck at the beginning of an NHL game in Vancouver, watched performances at Roy Thomson Hall by Oscar Peterson, Rex Harrington, Cirque du Soleil, The Tragically Hip, and others, and attended a luncheon at Rideau Hall for fifty of Canada's greatest citizens; one from each year of the Queen's reign. Thousands turned out to various events; only approximately 100 Québécois protesters were seen when the Royal motorcade crossed from Ottawa into Gatineau, Quebec, the only Quebec destination on the tour.[21] Just prior to the Queen's arrival, former Deputy Prime Minister John Manley expressed in an interview his belief that Canada should become a republic upon the Queen's demise. His comments were widely met with disapproval. Provincial premiers publicly stated their support for the Monarchy, save for Quebec Premier Bernard Landry who stated Quebec would boycott any celebrations of the Queen's Jubilee in protest of her signing of the Constitution Act, 1982.[22]
Governor General Adrienne Clarkson issued a Royal Proclamation on July 28, 2003, indicating the Crown's acknowledgement of the deportation of Acadians in 1754, and establishing the date as a "Day of Commemoration of the Great Upheaval."
Beginning January 1, 2005, the Letters of Credence that foreign diplomats present when beginning an assignment in Canada are addressed to the Governor General of Canada without making any reference to the Queen. This is also the case with Letters of Recall presented when a diplomat finishes a sojourn in Canada. This change in protocol has been criticised by Canadian monarchists as an example of the government reducing the Queen's role, and has been welcomed by republicans for the same reason.
Some monarchists contend that after Paul Martin became prime minister, his government seemed to be attempting to further distance Canada from the Queen and elevating the Governor General to more of a presidential figure.
In 2005 the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh traveled to Alberta and Saskatchewan to celebrate their centennials. During this tour the government of Alberta wished to have the Queen sign a provincial bill into law. This was not done – in theory because the constitutionality of the Queen doing so was questioned; however, Rideau Hall also stated it would conflict with the federal govenment's policy of the "Canadianization" of Canada's institutions. It remains to be seen how the change to a new Conservative federal government will affect such policies.
In 1997, in an address before the Council for National Policy, present Prime Minister Stephen Harper said that Canada's "executive is the Queen, who doesn't live here."[23] A common republican criticism against the Queen is that she does not reside in Canada. More recently, in 2006, in his first address to Parliament as Prime Minister, Harper opened by paying tribute to the Queen and her "lifelong dedication to duty and self-sacrifice," referring to her specifically as Canada's Head of State,[24] in contrast to the previous government which had referred to the Governor General as holding that position. Harper later commented on Canada and Australia sharing "an enduring affinity to the Crown" in a speech introducing Australian Prime Minister John Howard, before the latter addressed a joint session of the Canadian Parliament on 18 May, 2006, and later, in what was dubbed by Toronto Star journalist Graham Fraser as "one of the most monarchist speeches a Canadian prime minister has given since John Diefenbaker," Harper stated before the Canada-UK Chamber of Commerce that Canada and the United Kingdom were joined by "the golden circle of the Crown, which links us all together with the majestic past that takes us back to the Tudors, the Plantagenets, the Magna Carta, habeas corpus, petition of rights, and English common law."[25][26]
[edit] Monarchs of Canadian territories
A list of monarchs of New France, British North America and Canada:
[edit] See also
- Monarchy in Canada
- History of Monarchy in British Columbia
- History of Monarchy in Saskatchewan
- History of Monarchy in Ontario
- History of Monarchy in Quebec
- History of Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ [http://www.carsten-rex.de/History/history.html Canada: History
- ^ Ferguson, Will; The Lost Kingdom; Macleans, October 27, 2003
- ^ The Four Indian Kings
- ^ a b c Hall, Trevor; Royal Canada: A History of Royal Visits for Canada Since 1786
- ^ Canadian Royal Heritage Trust: Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada
- ^ How Canadians Govern Themselves (PDF), pp. 8-9; Canadian Heritage: National Flag of Canada Day – see Canada's name
- ^ Quebec History: The King-Byng Affair
- ^ [http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=24 Balfour Declaration 1926 (Imperial Conference)
- ^ Quebec History: The Statute of Westminster, 1931
- ^ War of the Windsors: A Century of Unconstitutional Monarchy; Picknett, Lynn, Prince, Clive, Prior, Stephen & Brydon, Robert; Mainstream Publishing, 2002; p.37
- ^ O'Donohue v. Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada
- ^ The Royal Tour of 1939
- ^ Diary of Mackenzie King; May 17, 1939
- ^ CBC: Royal Visits to Canada
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage: Test your royal skills
- ^ CBC Archives
- ^ Speech by Governor General Roland Michener, Nov. 19, 1970
- ^ CBC: Royal Visits to Canada
- ^ A Queen Canada Should be Proud Of
- ^ Premiers Nix Monarchy Abolition: "NOT A GOVERNMENT PROJECT AT THIS POINT"
- ^ The Queen's Golden Jubilee: A CBC Big Picture
- ^ Dr. Phillips, Stephen; Canadian Monarchist News, Republicanism in Canada in the Reign of Elizabeth II: the Dog that Didn't Bark; Summer, 2004
- ^ Text of Stephen Harper's speech to the Council for National Policy, June 1997
- ^ 39th Parliament, First Session, Edited Hansard, No. 003, Wednesday, April 5, 2006
- ^ Prime Minister Harper introduces Australian counterpart to Parliament
- ^ Fraser, Graham; Toronto Star, PM shucks Reform roots for a royal connection; August 19, 2006
